2015年-世界发展银行全球_Building_Regulation_for_Resilience___Managing_Risks_for_Safer_Cities_136页_6mb

Summary of "Building Regulation for Resilience: Managing Risks for Safer Cities"

Core Content

This report, Building Regulation for Resilience: Managing Risks for Safer Cities, examines the challenges of implementing effective building regulations in low- and middle-income countries to reduce disaster and chronic risks. It emphasizes the need for a coordinated, inclusive, and sustainable approach to building regulation that aligns with international frameworks such as the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015–2030).

Main Viewpoints

1. Why Building Regulation Has Not Reduced Risk

• Unregulated Urbanization: Rapid rural-urban migration has led to the development of unsafe settlements in hazard-prone areas due to the absence of effective building and land use regulation.
• Poverty and Limited Institutional Capacity: Poverty limits the ability of local governments to enforce regulations and provide necessary services. There is a lack of funding, technical staff, and institutional support for building regulation at the local level.
• Ineffective Land Use Systems: These systems have failed to limit settlements in hazardous areas and exclude large parts of the urban population from legal land and housing markets.
• Unaffordable Compliance Costs: Building regulations in many low-income countries are not tailored to local conditions, making compliance unaffordable for the poor and often leading to the adoption of unworkable standards.
• Failure to Recognize Informal Construction: Incremental construction, a common practice in developing countries, is often not recognized in formal building codes, creating a divide between formal and informal sectors.
• Corruption and Regulatory Capture: Corruption in building code enforcement is linked to increased disaster casualties. Regulatory capture can distort safety standards, either lowering them to benefit the industry or raising them to unsustainable levels.
• Inadequate Building Codes: Many building codes are imported from high-income countries without adaptation to local contexts, leading to poor compliance and limited effectiveness.

2. Components of an Effective Building Regulatory Framework

• Legal and Administrative Framework: A strong national legal and administrative system is essential for the implementation of building regulations.
• Building Code Development and Maintenance: Codes must be locally relevant, developed with stakeholder input, and continuously updated to reflect new risks and construction practices.
• Local Implementation Mechanisms: Effective enforcement requires trained personnel, quality control of materials, and efficient permitting and inspection processes.

3. Recommendations for Improvement

• Strengthen Regulatory Governance: Improve transparency, accountability, and public participation in the regulatory process.
• Support Local Innovation: Recognize and integrate traditional and informal construction methods into building codes to enhance resilience and affordability.
• Leverage Technology: Utilize information and communication technology (ICT) to streamline permitting and inspection procedures.
• Reduce Costs and Increase Accessibility: Simplify and reduce the cost of regulatory procedures to ensure they are accessible to all, including the poor.
• Promote Private Sector Engagement: Encourage the private sector to support code implementation through investment and collaboration.
• Establish Institutional Capacity: Build local capacity through training, accreditation, and the development of qualified professionals.
• Institutionalize Post-Disaster Regulation: Use disaster experiences to strengthen regulatory systems and ensure long-term resilience.

Key Information

• Disaster Impact: In the past 20 years, natural disasters have affected 4.4 billion people, claimed 1.3 million lives, and caused $2 trillion in economic losses.
• Chronic Risk: Over 80% of disaster-related life years lost in the last 30 years have occurred in low- and middle-income countries.
• Sendai Framework: The report supports the Sendai Framework as a platform for enhancing building regulation and reducing disaster risk.
• Implementation Gap: The simple transfer of building codes from high-income countries without adaptation has led to a significant implementation gap in developing countries.
• Cost Comparison: In developing countries, the administrative fee for construction permits can be as high as 46% of the total construction cost, while in OECD countries, it is only 1.7%.
• Case Studies: The report includes case studies from various countries, highlighting both successes and failures in building regulation, such as the impact of the 2003 Bam earthquake in Iran versus Paso Robles in California.

Conclusion

Building regulation is a critical tool for reducing disaster and chronic risks in urban areas. However, in low- and middle-income countries, it has not been effectively implemented due to a combination of institutional, economic, and political challenges. The report calls for a comprehensive and coordinated approach to building regulation reform, emphasizing the importance of local adaptation, stakeholder engagement, and the use of technology to improve efficiency and accessibility. By implementing these measures, countries can move toward safer, more resilient cities and communities.

Recommendations

• Develop and maintain building codes that are locally appropriate and affordable.
• Strengthen institutional capacity at the local level through training and support.
• Integrate traditional and informal construction methods into regulatory frameworks.
• Promote transparency and accountability in regulatory processes.
• Leverage ICT for more efficient code implementation.
• Encourage private sector participation in code compliance and enforcement.
• Institutionalize post-disaster regulatory reforms to ensure long-term resilience.

Programmatic Opportunities

The report proposes a Building Regulation for Resilience Program to address the implementation gap. This program aims to mobilize diverse stakeholders to develop and implement a regulatory process that is inclusive and effective across all types of buildings. It emphasizes the strategic goal of reducing human and economic losses by avoiding the creation of new risks and reducing existing ones in the built environment.