2001年-世界发展银行全球_Combating_Corruption_in_the_Philippines___An_Update_64页_3mb

Combating Corruption in the Philippines: An Update Summary

Core Content

This report provides an update on the state of corruption in the Philippines from late-1999 to mid-2001. It reviews the progress and setbacks in anticorruption efforts and presents updated recommendations for the new administration under President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, who took office in January 2001.

Main Points

Corruption Perception and Public Sentiment

• Corruption in the Philippines was perceived as widespread and deeply rooted, affecting all sectors including the judiciary and media.
• Public perception of corruption worsened significantly in 2000, with 72% of Filipinos believing corruption in government was very large or somewhat large.
• The proportion of Filipinos who believed the government was sincere in fighting corruption dropped by 20 points to 44%.
• Corruption was increasingly seen as a threat to national development rather than just a moral issue, with 81% of Filipinos viewing it this way in December 2000.

Governance Deficit

• The Philippines' ranking on the Corruption Perception Index (CPI) declined from 55 in 1998 to 65 in 2001.
• The Philippines' CPI score fell from 3.6 in 1999 to 2.8 in 2000, showing a marked deterioration.
• The Philippines was downgraded in another international assessment from 3 to 2 on a 0-6 scale in March 2001.

Key Defining Events

• The impeachment trial of President Joseph Estrada was a major event that highlighted the severity of corruption.
• Several high-profile corruption cases emerged, such as the BW Resources Corporation stock market case and the Urban Bank bankruptcy.
• The Philippines was included in a list of non-cooperative countries for anti-money laundering by the OECD.

Key Developments and Reforms

Public Sector Reforms

• Procurement Reforms: The Department of Budget and Management introduced executive orders to increase competition, launched an electronic procurement system, and established Procurement Watch as a civil society monitor.
• Financial Management Reforms: The Commission on Audit simplified and computerized the government accounting system, implemented the Audit Team Approach, and introduced participatory audits with civil society.
• Judicial Sector Reforms: The Supreme Court adopted a Judicial Reform Action Program, increased disciplinary actions against corrupt judges, and partnered with Bantay Katarungan to monitor court proceedings.

Corporate Governance

• The Institute of Corporate Directors (ICD) launched a major corporate governance program, focusing on director training and advocacy.
• A new Securities Regulation Code was approved to improve corporate governance.

Civil Society and Media

• Civil society, the private sector, and the media became more active in demanding transparency and accountability.
• Investigative journalism gained more respect, and new technologies like mobile phones and the internet increased the risk of detection for corrupt officials.

Donor Support

• Donors, including the World Bank, ADB, USAID, and others, intensified support for anticorruption efforts.
• A joint donor recommendation in April 2001 outlined eight priority action areas to strengthen the anticorruption program and improve investor confidence.

New Initiatives and Alliances

Anticorruption Strategy

• The Development Academy of the Philippines formulated a National Anticorruption Plan, including a 10-point jumpstart program for immediate execution.
• The new administration created the Presidential Anti-Graft Commission (PAGC) and the Presidential Committee on Effective Governance (PCEG) to oversee anticorruption efforts.

Office of the Ombudsman

• The Ombudsman's Office implemented new initiatives, including the installation of resident ombudsmen in key agencies and the accreditation of NGOs as Corruption Prevention Units.
• It also filed corruption cases against President Estrada.

Inter-Agency Coordination

• Executive Order No. 79 established the Inter-Agency Anti-Graft Coordinating Council.
• In April 2001, the council adopted Guidelines for Cooperation to enhance joint activities in detecting and prosecuting graft and corruption.

The Way Forward

• A strong and broad-based national coalition is essential to design, implement, and monitor an effective anticorruption program.
• The government should focus on identifying and addressing points of vulnerability in the system, particularly in sectors like tax administration and public works.
• Increasing transparency, competition, and public oversight is crucial.
• Donor support and collaboration with civil society, the private sector, and academia are recommended for long-term success.
• Punishment of corrupt officials should be a central component of any anticorruption program, with a focus on improving prosecution success rates.

Recommendations

• Develop a detailed and realistic anticorruption strategy with a sequenced action plan.
• Empower civil society with detailed information on public expenditures and capital projects.
• Implement reforms in the judiciary, including measures to speed up court decisions.
• Amend bank secrecy laws and implement an anti-money laundering bill.
• Introduce electoral campaign finance reforms.
• Launch corruption-prevention programs for the most vulnerable agencies.
• Create a strong management structure to oversee and communicate progress on anticorruption efforts.

Conclusion

• The new administration has a significant opportunity to address corruption, but the challenge is substantial.
• Public expectations are high, and the government must act swiftly to build a track record of success.
• While progress has been made in several areas, the implementation of comprehensive and sustainable reforms remains critical.