20220207-世界经济论坛-Industrial_Policy_and_International_Competition_Trade_and_Investment_Perspectives_30页_28mb

Industrial Policy and International Competition: Trade and Investment Perspectives

This white paper examines the impact of industrial policies on international trade and investment, focusing on subsidies, state-owned enterprises (SOEs), government procurement, and investment screening. It argues that state interventions, such as subsidies and SOEs, often distort markets and create trade tensions, necessitating reforms to international rules.

Key findings include:

1. Subsidies: WTO rules (SCM Agreement) are outdated and insufficient to address modern distortions. Agricultural, energy, and fossil fuel subsidies are criticized for harming the environment and market competition. Countries need to agree on criteria for "good" subsidies and update prohibited subsidies.
2. SOEs: Existing WTO rules do not fully address SOEs engaged in competitive markets. Transparency and governance standards (e.g., OECD guidelines) are urged to ensure SOEs compete on equal terms with private firms.
3. Government Procurement: The GPA requires transparency but lacks developing country participation. Debates center on domestic content requirements and reciprocity.
4. Investment Screening: Countries increasingly screen foreign investments for national security, raising concerns about transparency and coordination. Rules need to clarify non-market economy treatments and address "transnational subsidies."

The paper calls for improving international rules, enhancing transparency, and enabling better coordination to maintain a level playing field. It emphasizes the need for data transparency and reforms to address climate change, supply chain resilience, and market access.

Priority Actions for Reform:

• Expand prohibited subsidies to cover environmental and technological distortions.
• Enhance transparency tools and governance standards for SOEs.
• Update GPA coverage and address non-reciprocal procurement policies.
• Establish clearer limits on unilateral actions and improve dispute settlement.

The white paper highlights the urgency of addressing these issues in light of global challenges like climate change and supply chain disruptions.