2025全球多维贫困指数_40页_2mb

Summary of the 2025 Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)

Core Content

The 2025 Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) report highlights the intersection of poverty and climate hazards, emphasizing how climate change is compounding the challenges faced by the world's poorest populations. The report is a collaborative effort involving numerous researchers, editors, and reviewers, and its cover design combines human vision and artificial intelligence.

Main Findings

• Global Poverty Overview: Out of 6.3 billion people in 109 countries, 1.1 billion (18.3%) live in acute multidimensional poverty.
• Severe Poverty: 43.6% of the poor (about 501 million people) are in severe poverty, meaning they are deprived in half or more of the weighted MPI indicators.
• Geographical Distribution:
  • Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia account for 83.2% of all multidimensionally poor people.
  • Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest proportion of poor people, with 56% of its population in poverty.
  • South Asia has 34% of the global total of poor people.
• Children and Poverty: Children under 18 make up 33.6% of the global MPI population, yet they account for 51% of all multidimensionally poor people. 27.8% of children live in multidimensional poverty, more than double the rate among adults.
• Rural Poverty: 83.5% of all multidimensionally poor people live in rural areas, despite these areas housing only 54.9% of the global population.
• Middle-Income Countries: These countries are a hidden epicenter of multidimensional poverty, housing 64.5% of the global poor (about 740 million people).
  • Lower-middle-income countries have the highest share and number of people in poverty.
  • 61.7% of people who cook with solid fuels and 57.7% of those without improved sanitation live in middle-income countries.
• Climate Hazards and Poverty:
  • 80% of poor people are exposed to at least one of the four climate hazards: high heat, drought, floods, and air pollution.
  • 651 million people face two or more climate hazards, and 309 million face three or four.
  • Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia are the most exposed to overlapping climate hazards.
  • South Asia has the highest number of poor people exposed to climate hazards, with 99.1% of its poor living in regions affected by at least one hazard.
• Climate Impact on Future Poverty: Countries with higher current poverty levels are expected to face greater temperature increases, potentially increasing the number of high heat days by 37 per year by 2040–2059 and 92 by 2080–2099 under a high-emissions scenario.
• Subnational Inequalities: 101 countries have subnational data, showing significant disparities within countries. For example:
  • In Senegal, poverty rates range from 12.9% in Dakar to 85.8% in Kaffrine.
  • In Lao People's Democratic Republic, the poverty rate in Savannakhet is 35.1%, compared to 17.8% nationally.
• Trends in Poverty Reduction:
  • 88 countries have harmonized trend data, showing progress in reducing poverty.
  • 76 countries have seen a reduction in MPI values over time.
  • Only 16 countries have recorded a statistically significant reduction in MPI and poverty incidence in recent periods (2021–2022 or later).
  • Benin, Cambodia, and Tanzania showed the fastest reductions in MPI values.
  • Afghanistan and Kyrgyzstan experienced increases in both MPI values and poverty incidence.
• Post-Pandemic Stagnation: Poverty reduction has stagnated in many areas post-pandemic, with 83 periods showing no significant change and 2 periods showing an increase.
• Data Coverage: The 2025 MPI uses the most recent data from 109 countries, with subnational data available for 1,359 regions. However, only 3 of the 20 poorest countries have data from 2021–2022 or later, highlighting a need for more up-to-date data in the poorest regions.

Key Points

• Children are disproportionately affected by multidimensional poverty.
• Middle-income countries have a hidden role in poverty, despite lower overall poverty rates.
• Climate hazards are a major factor in the lives of the poor, with overlapping risks common in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia.
• Subnational data reveal deep inequalities that go beyond national averages.
• Trends show mixed progress, with some regions and countries experiencing significant reductions, while others have seen stagnation or increases.
• Poverty reduction is uneven, and more frequent data are needed to effectively monitor and address multidimensional poverty.

Methodology

• The MPI is calculated using 10 indicators across health, education, and standard of living.
• Each indicator is equally weighted, with health and education each weighted 1/6 and standard of living indicators weighted 1/18.
• A person is considered multidimensionally poor if their deprivation score is 33.3% or higher.
• MPI = H × A, where H is the incidence of poverty and A is the intensity of poverty.
• The data sources include Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, Demographic and Health Surveys, and national surveys from 2013 to 2023–2024.

Conclusion

The 2025 MPI report underscores the interconnectedness of poverty and climate change, calling for urgent action to address both issues. It highlights the need for more frequent and comprehensive data collection, especially in poorest and most vulnerable regions, to ensure that no one is left behind in the pursuit of sustainable development.