2009年-世界发展银行全球_Mongolia_Trade_and_Transport_Facilitation_Action_Plan_49页_1mb

Mongolia Trade and Transport Facilitation Action Plan Summary

Introduction

This report outlines the challenges and opportunities in Mongolia's trade and transport facilitation, focusing on three key export sectors (mining, cashmere, and meat products) and three key import sectors (mining machinery, cars, and rice and flour). Despite numerous reports from international agencies over the past decade, significant progress has not been made in addressing these issues, which continue to hinder economic growth.

The report emphasizes the need for a supply chain perspective, linking the logistics and trade facilitation requirements of these sectors to the available services and identifying gaps. It also proposes a series of priority actions to address these gaps and outlines an action plan for implementation.

Core Content

Key Export Sectors

1. Mining

   • Overview: Mining is the largest economic sector in Mongolia, contributing over 50% of GDP. The main products are coal, copper, and gold.
   • Key Mines:
     • Tavan Tolgoi: Expected to produce 30 million tons of coal annually, with a potential of 27 million tons by 2015. Requires 1,500 trucks per day for transport.
     • Oyu Tolgoi: Expected to produce 440,000 tonnes of copper and 320,000 ounces of gold annually. Requires 25 trucks per day for transport.
     • Ovoot Tolgoi: Expected to produce 1.2 million tons of coal annually. Requires 60 trucks per day for transport.
     • Tsagaan Suvraga: Expected to produce 1 million tons of copper annually. Requires 60 trucks per day for transport.
   • Transport Challenges:
     • Current road transport from Tavan Tolgoi is controversial due to Chinese trucks exceeding the bilateral agreement.
     • A railway is needed for coal exports once production reaches 5 million tons per year.
     • The gauge difference between Mongolian and Chinese railways is a challenge, and a dual gauge line or gauge transfer facilities are needed.

2. Cashmere and Cashmere Products

   • Overview: Cashmere is a key export product, with significant potential for growth. The sector is highly dependent on international demand and efficient logistics.

3. Meat Products

   • Overview: Mongolia's livestock numbers have increased, but meat production for export has not. The sector faces challenges in meeting international standards and market demands.
   • Key Issues:
     • International demand for meat is limited, especially for mutton and goat meat.
     • EU requires genealogical records for meat exports, which are difficult to maintain under Mongolian herding practices.
     • Russia has strict quotas on beef imports, and the export process is complex and costly.
     • The price of Mongolian meat is significantly lower than that of Australian imports, making it less competitive.

Key Import Sectors

1. Mining Machinery

   • Overview: Essential for the development and expansion of mining operations. Imports are critical for infrastructure and equipment needs.

2. Cars

   • Overview: A major import for the transportation and logistics sector, contributing to the high cost of living in Mongolia.

3. Rice and Flour

   • Overview: These are important for food security and domestic consumption, given the limited agricultural production in the region.

Main Recommendations

1. Improve Cross-Border Infrastructure:

   • Develop and expand border crossing facilities, especially at Gashuun Sukhait and Ceke, to handle increased freight volumes.
   • Consider establishing a Free Trade Zone near the mines to add value to products and support trade facilitation.

2. Enhance Logistics and Transport Services:

   • Improve the efficiency of road and rail transport systems to meet the growing demands of the mining sector.
   • Implement a dual gauge railway system or gauge transfer facilities to align with Chinese standards.

3. Strengthen Institutional Frameworks:

   • Clarify national and aimag-level laws and regulations to reduce legal and administrative barriers.
   • Address corruption and rent-seeking practices that impede smooth operations.

4. Upgrade Meat Processing and Slaughterhouse Standards:

   • Improve hygiene and safety standards to meet international requirements, especially for EU and other markets.
   • Adopt the guidelines of the Codex Alimentarius to enhance meat quality and safety.
   • Develop better packaging, chilling, and refrigeration facilities to increase export potential.

5. Enhance Market Awareness and Access:

   • Increase awareness of potential markets for Mongolian meat and by-products, including Central Asia, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia.
   • Explore opportunities for pet food exports to South Korea and Japan.

Key Information

• Current Export Output:
  • Coal from Tavan Tolgoi and Nariin Sukhait is the main export, with 2009 projections of 1.7 million tons.
  • Mining output is expected to increase significantly by 2015, reaching 31.4 million tons.
• Transport Requirements:
  • Current road transport for coal requires up to 1,765 trucks per day.
  • A railway is needed once production reaches 5 million tons per year.
• Import Importance:
  • Mining machinery, cars, and rice/flour are crucial imports, contributing to the high cost of living.
  • These imports account for about 30% of all imports (excluding refined petroleum).
• Challenges in Meat Exports:
  • The sector is hindered by international standards, genealogical records, and Russian quotas.
  • Exporting to Russia is only marginally profitable due to low prices and high inspection costs.
  • EU certification remains a barrier, requiring improvements in veterinary and hygiene standards.

Proposed Priority Actions

• Develop a new city in Hanbogd soum to support mining communities.
• Establish a Free Trade Zone near the mines to facilitate trade and add value.
• Improve the infrastructure and logistics services for the mining sector, including roads and railways.
• Implement institutional reforms to enhance clarity and reduce corruption.
• Upgrade meat processing and slaughterhouse facilities to meet international standards.
• Expand market awareness and access for meat and by-products in key international markets.

Conclusion

The report underscores the critical role of trade and transport facilitation in supporting Mongolia's economic growth and diversification. It highlights the need for improved infrastructure, institutional clarity, and compliance with international standards to meet the growing demands of the mining and meat sectors. The proposed action plan aims to address these gaps and create a more efficient and competitive trade environment for Mongolia.