2024-03-23-世界银行-委内瑞拉人口在秘鲁劳动力市场经济一体化的挑战和机遇（英）_44页_655kb

Economic Integration Challenges and Opportunities of Venezuelan Population in Peruvian Labor Market

• Large inflow of Venezuelans in Peru (exceeding 1 million as of July 2022). Their demographic profile is skewed towards working age (70% of migrants), higher educational attainment, yet faces significant barriers in labor market integration.

• High concentration in the informal sector (80%) and low-quality jobs. Four fifths (80%) of migrant workers are employed in micro-enterprises, often without social benefits. Overqualified for their positions, yet earn significantly less than comparable Peruvians.

• Labor degradation and skills mismatch observed despite higher educational levels. Two thirds (approx 70%) use digital platforms for work, but still face poor working conditions and low formal employment rates (0.7% formal workforce in 2019).

Key Challenges in Integration

• Validation of Educational Degrees: Only 8% of highly educated migrants had their degrees validated. Main barriers: cost (44% cited lack of funds), lack of awareness (22%), and bureaucratic hurdles.

• Migration Policy Restrictions: Undocumented and irregular migrants face high informality rates (>90% vs ~70% formal for some visa holders). Foreign workers face a 30% flat tax rate, a disincentive for formal employment.

• Discrimination in workplaces: 38% of workers experienced workplace discrimination, often attributed to xenophobia and negative public perception (71% favor migration restrictions). Such discrimination reduces earnings (e.g., male discriminated workers see ~15% income reduction).

Policy Recommendations

• Strengthen labor inspections in low-skilled sectors and address precarity in formal jobs (e.g., social benefits).

• Improve procedures for validating foreign qualifications to reduce the 59% gap between degrees held and locally recognized credentials.

• Regularize migration status through standardized procedures and lower costs for permits like the CPP.

• Adjust foreign taxation policies to make formal employment more attractive (e.g., remove 30% flat tax).

• Promote cross-cultural understanding campaigns, design targeted childcare support for women to enhance labor force participation.