2016年-世界发展银行全球_An_Overview_of_Agricultural_Pollution_in_the_Philippines___The_Fisheries_Sector_2016_79页_7mb

Summary of Agricultural Pollution in the Philippines: The Fisheries Sector (2016)

Core Content

This report provides an overview of agricultural pollution in the Philippines with a specific focus on the fisheries sector, particularly aquaculture. It highlights the historical development, economic contributions, and environmental impacts of fisheries and aquaculture in the country.

Main Points

1.1 History of Capture Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Philippines

• Capture Fisheries: The history of capture fisheries in the Philippines is limited by the lack of historical data. Traditional methods were used by coastal communities, with early Spanish colonizers observing barter relationships between coastal fishermen and upland farmers.
• Aquaculture: Aquaculture in the Philippines has roots in traditional practices, with brackish-water pond culture traced back to the 15th century in Indonesia. The earliest recorded fishponds were in Rizal Province in 1863. The industry expanded significantly after the establishment of the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) in the late 1940s.
• Species Development: Milkfish was the primary aquaculture species in brackish-water ponds, with records dating back to 1950. The tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) became a major aquaculture commodity after the 1990s, evolving from traditional to intensive farming systems.

1.2 Capture Fisheries and Aquaculture Development in the Philippines

• Fisheries Production: Total fisheries production (capture and aquaculture) in the Philippines increased steadily from 0.230 million tons in 1950 to 5.158 million tons by 2013. However, there was a slight decline from 2011 to 2013.
• World Ranking: The Philippines ranked 4th in global fisheries production in 1997, dropped to 12th in 2012, and slightly improved to 11th in 2013.
• Provincial Contributions: Palawan had the fastest increase in production over the last 34 years, while Laguna had the fastest decline in inland capture fisheries from 1980 to 2014. Pangasinan was the top contributor in marine fish aquaculture, with an average annual increase of 5,000 tons from 1996 to 2014.
• Aquaculture Trends: From the 1950s to 1970s, brackish-water aquaculture dominated, contributing 87% of total production. Freshwater aquaculture grew significantly from 1950 to 2014, reaching 299,000 tons. Pampanga was the top producer in freshwater aquaculture, contributing 35% of the total in 2014.

Key Impacts

3.1 Conversion of Land and Water Resources for Aquaculture

• The expansion of aquaculture led to the conversion of natural habitats, such as mangroves and wetlands, into brackish-water and freshwater ponds.
• This conversion has resulted in significant environmental degradation, including loss of biodiversity and disruption of local ecosystems.

3.2 Practices to Prepare and Improve Culture Environment

• Various practices were implemented to improve the culture environment, including the use of fertilizers and chemicals to enhance water quality and productivity.
• These practices, while beneficial for production, contributed to pollution and ecological imbalance.

3.3 Practices to Improve Production

• Intensification of aquaculture was driven by population growth and increased demand for fish.
• This led to higher stocking densities and more extensive use of feed and chemicals, which had negative environmental consequences.

3.4 Practices to Improve Aquatic Animal Health

• Aquatic animal health management involved the use of antibiotics, hormones, and anesthetics.
• The misuse of these substances has led to antibiotic resistance, hormonal imbalances in aquatic life, and contamination of water bodies.

3.5 Practice to Diversity Cultured Commodities

• The diversification of aquaculture commodities, including the introduction of non-native species, increased production but also introduced new environmental challenges.
• Non-native species can outcompete or prey on native species, leading to biodiversity loss.

Environmental and Socioeconomic Impacts

4.1 Environmental Impacts

• Aquaculture has caused significant environmental degradation, including water pollution, eutrophication, and habitat destruction.
• The use of inorganic and organic fertilizers has led to nutrient loading and algal blooms, which affect water quality and aquatic life.

5.1 Human Health Impacts

• The release of antibiotics and other chemicals into the environment poses health risks to local communities.
• Contaminated water and fish can lead to antibiotic resistance and other health issues.

5.2 Socioeconomic Impacts

• Aquaculture has become a vital part of the Philippine economy, contributing to GDP and GVA.
• However, the environmental degradation has negatively impacted the livelihoods of communities dependent on fisheries and aquaculture.

Solutions to Mitigate Impacts

6.1 Use of Eubiotics and Strategies to Improve Aquatic Animal Health

• Eubiotics and probiotics are being promoted to improve aquatic animal health and reduce the need for antibiotics.
• These alternatives can help maintain water quality and reduce the risk of disease outbreaks.

6.2 Legislations and Regulations on the Use of Chemicals and Fisheries and Aquaculture

• Regulations on the use of chemicals and additives in aquaculture are being implemented to reduce pollution.
• These include restrictions on the use of certain veterinary drugs and the establishment of standards for chemical residues in fish.

6.3 Regulations on the Introduction of Nonnative Species

• Policies are being developed to regulate the introduction of nonnative species to prevent ecological disruption.
• These regulations aim to protect local biodiversity and prevent the spread of invasive species.

6.4 Technologies to Reduce Nutrients from Aquaculture

• Technologies such as Biofloc Technology (BFT) are being explored to reduce nutrient runoff and improve water quality.
• These technologies can help mitigate the environmental impact of aquaculture by recycling waste and reducing the need for external inputs.

Conclusion

The development of fisheries and aquaculture in the Philippines has brought significant economic benefits but has also resulted in environmental pollution and degradation. The expansion of aquaculture has led to the conversion of natural habitats, increased use of chemicals, and the introduction of non-native species, all of which have negative impacts on biodiversity and human health. While the sector contributes substantially to the economy, there is a need for better regulations, sustainable practices, and the adoption of technologies that minimize environmental harm. The report emphasizes the importance of balancing economic growth with environmental protection to ensure the long-term sustainability of the fisheries and aquaculture sector in the Philippines.