2007年-世界发展银行全球_Evaluation_of_Small-Scale_Providers_of_Water_Supply_and_Sanitation_Services_in_Peru_54页_3mb

Summary of the Evaluation of Small-scale Providers of Water Supply and Sanitation Services in Peru

Core Content

This report evaluates the role of small-scale providers (SSP) in the water supply and sanitation sector in Peru, focusing on their coverage, service quality, cost, and sustainability. It also provides policy recommendations and identifies priority projects to improve service delivery to underserved populations.

Main Objectives

• To identify the reasons for the existence of SSP in Peru.
• To evaluate the experience of these providers.
• To propose improvements in service delivery to the market traditionally served by SSP.

Key Findings

1. SSP Coverage and Service Characteristics

• SSP provide services to an estimated 3 million people in urban areas.
• They operate in peri-urban and low-income communities.
• 40% of the unserved population receives water via SSP, with 20% receiving it through tanker trucks, 15% through self-supply (springs, streams), and 5% through administrative boards (JASS).
• No SSP provide sanitation services, although some promote individual systems like latrines.
• SSP service quality is generally poor, with only half of the water disinfected and intermittent service.

2. SSP Financial and Operational Status

• SSP charge higher tariffs (S/. 14 per m³) than public utilities (S/. 0.9 per m³), due to lack of subsidies.
• Average monthly water bill for households is S/. 19, which is 5% of the average family income.
• SSP are financially self-sufficient, with 60% of income used for operating expenses.

3. Sector Performance and Challenges

• Water and sanitation coverage remains low, with 24% of urban residents without water and 43% without sanitation.
• Water utilities are financially weak and lack the incentive to expand services to underserved areas.
• Tariff policy is inconsistent with the General Law of Sanitation Services (No. 26338 of 1994), which mandates full cost recovery.
• Mayors control tariff rates, often setting them too low to sustain operations.

4. SSP and Public Health

• SSP customers report high satisfaction with the quantity and price of water.
• However, water quality is not regulated, leading to public health risks.
• Community members rely on SSP because they are the only available providers in some areas.

5. Sector Framework

• The sector is fragmented, with no coherent coordination between political support, legal instruments, and implementation.
• Central government entities (MEF, MVCS, SUNASS) and utilities lack transparency and coordination in decision-making.
• Investment resources are not effectively allocated or monitored, leading to inefficiencies and limited service coverage.

Main Conclusions

1. SSP are essential for reaching underserved populations, especially in urban and peri-urban areas.
2. SSP do not meet water quality standards, posing health risks.
3. Water utilities are financially unsustainable and lack incentives to expand coverage.
4. Sector policies and regulations are not aligned with the needs of SSP and their users.
5. SSP should be treated as equal service providers and integrated into the sector framework to avoid market segmentation and improve efficiency.

Policy Recommendations

1. Implement the General Law of Sanitation Services to ensure that tariffs recover full costs of service and that utilities are incentivized to expand to low-income areas.
2. Create incentives for utilities to prioritize coverage of unserved neighborhoods through low-cost systems like APPJ and condominiumal systems.
3. Harmonize financial policies with the National Public Investment System (SNIP) to ensure that public financing is tied to service expansion.
4. Regulate SSP in a manner similar to utilities, with strengthened oversight from the MOH and municipalities.
5. Encourage cooperation between utilities and SSP to leverage their respective strengths and improve service delivery.

Priority Projects

1. Strengthen the regulatory system to align with the General Law of Sanitation Services and ensure cost recovery.
2. Expand and strengthen SSP in small communities, using competitive bidding and OBA systems.
3. Modernize tanker truck services in peri-urban areas by replacing existing trucks with high-quality imported ones.
4. Replicate APPJ and condominiumal systems in peri-urban neighborhoods to improve service quality and coverage.

Key Acronyms and Definitions

• SSP: Small-scale providers of water supply and sanitation services
• APPJ: Water Supply in the Pueblos Jóvenes (Shantytowns)
• JASS: Sanitation Service Administrative Board
• COVAPS: Neighborhood Water and Sanitation Committee
• SUNASS: National Superintendence of Sanitation Services
• SEDAPAL: Lima Water and Sewerage Company
• FNI: National Investment Fund
• SNIP: National Public Investment System
• OBA: Output-based aid
• MEF: Ministry of Economy and Finance
• MVCS: Ministry of Housing, Construction and Sanitation
• MOH: Ministry of Health

Summary of Sector Framework

• Central Level: MVCS, MEF, SUNASS, and MOH are the main institutions.
• Urban Area: Public utilities (like SEDAPAL) serve 62% of the population. Municipalities serve 9%.
• Rural Area: JASS serve 29% of the population, focusing on community-based solutions.
• Private Sector: Participates through BOT, concessions, and management contracts.
• COVAPS: Neighborhood associations that define service needs and manage distribution.

Final Note

The study emphasizes the urgent need to integrate SSP into the formal sector to ensure equitable and sustainable service delivery, especially for the poorest populations. It also highlights the importance of policy reform, financial incentives, and regulatory improvements to support this integration.