2011年-世界发展银行全球_Mozambiques_Infrastructue___A_Continental_Perspective_61页_2mb

Mozambique's Infrastructure: A Continental Perspective Summary

Core Content

This report provides an in-depth analysis of Mozambique's infrastructure development, positioning it within the broader context of Sub-Saharan Africa. It is part of the Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic (AICD), a project aimed at expanding global understanding of infrastructure in Africa. The study highlights the importance of infrastructure for economic growth and development, and identifies key challenges and opportunities in Mozambique's infrastructure sectors.

Main Sectors Analyzed

The report evaluates infrastructure across the following main sectors:

• Transport
• Water resources
• Power
• Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)
• Irrigation

Key Findings

Economic Growth and Infrastructure

• Mozambique has experienced strong economic growth of 7.7% annually over the past 15 years, driven by the service sector, light industry, and agriculture.
• The country has made significant progress in poverty reduction, with a 15 percentage point decline in the poverty headcount index and improvements in infant mortality and primary-school enrollment.
• Infrastructure improvements are estimated to have contributed 1.9 percentage points to per capita growth in Africa from 2003 to 2007, with the ICT revolution playing a major role.
• If Mozambique improves its infrastructure to match that of middle-income countries (MICs), it could boost per capita growth by up to 2.6 percentage points.

Transport Infrastructure

• Transport is primarily developed west-east, connecting mining and agricultural clusters to exit ports.
• There are four main railroad corridors: Maputo to Gauteng (South Africa), Machipanda (Beira to Zimbabwe), Beira to Tete (Moatize), and Nacala to Malawi.
• The central and southern transport networks link to major ports (Beira and Maputo), with some infrastructure already attracting private investment.
• Connectivity among urban and economic clusters is limited, and full integration would require significant investment over decades.
• Rural accessibility to domestic and international markets remains a major challenge.

Power Infrastructure

• Mozambique is a net exporter of electricity and a member of the Southern Africa Power Pool (SAPP).
• It has substantial hydropower potential, estimated up to 13,000 MW, primarily in the Zambezi watershed.
• Power tariffs are among the lowest in Africa, but underpricing leads to inefficiencies.
• The country's power sector has a good performance record, but maintaining the expanding network is a challenge.

Water and Sanitation

• Mozambique is close to achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in water and sanitation.
• Access to improved water supply and reduction in open defecation are notable achievements.
• The country has significant irrigation potential, and expanding irrigation areas can yield good economic returns.
• Hidden costs in the water sector are high, and improving operational efficiency is critical.

ICT Infrastructure

• Mozambique has developed a fiber-optic network connected to the SAT-3 submarine cable.
• Mobile teledensity is among the lowest in southern Africa.
• The country's Internet market lags behind regional peers, despite some improvements.
• High international call charges are driven by both technology and market power.

Financing and Investment Needs

• Mozambique needs to sustain infrastructure spending of more than $1.7 billion annually for the next decade to meet its infrastructure targets.
• This is equivalent to 26% of GDP, one of the highest shares in the southern region.
• About 70% of infrastructure spending is on capital needs, with the power sector requiring the highest annual investment.
• Annual infrastructure spending in the late 2000s averaged $664 million, which is about 10% of GDP, but only half of what is needed.
• The funding gap is estimated at $822 million annually, or 12.5% of GDP, mainly in water and sanitation and power sectors.
• Improving efficiency and increasing financing could reduce the time to reach infrastructure targets from over 50 years to 20 years.

Key Challenges

• Transport: Limited connectivity between urban and economic clusters, and rural accessibility.
• Water and Sanitation: High hidden costs and the need for improved management of water resources.
• Power: Underpricing of services and the need for better efficiency and investment.
• ICT: Low mobile teledensity and high international call charges.

Regional and Continental Context

• Mozambique's infrastructure is benchmarked against both low-income and middle-income countries in Africa.
• It is strategically located as a natural exit for landlocked neighbors like Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Malawi.
• The AICD project, initiated after the 2005 G8 summit, has been supported by various donors and institutions, including the World Bank, AFD, and the European Commission.

Funding and Efficiency

• Annual inefficiency costs are estimated at $204 million, primarily due to misaligned tariffs and costs in the power and water sectors.
• The public sector and official development assistance are the main sources of infrastructure investment, followed by private funds.
• There is potential for reducing the funding gap through improved efficiency, cost-reducing innovations, and increased financing.

Conclusion

Mozambique's infrastructure is at a critical juncture, with significant potential for growth and development. However, achieving this potential requires substantial investment, improved efficiency, and strategic policy reforms. The report emphasizes the importance of infrastructure in driving economic performance and outlines a path for Mozambique to transform its infrastructure landscape in line with regional and continental trends.