亚开行-菲律宾增加获得清洁烹饪的机会：挑战和前景（英文）-2021.2-72页_1mb

Summary of Increasing Access to Clean Cooking in the Philippines: Challenges and Prospects

Core Content

This document provides an in-depth analysis of the challenges and prospects of increasing access to clean cooking in the Philippines. It is part of the Asian Development Bank's (ADB) efforts to support the Sustainable Energy for All (SEforALL) initiative and the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG 7), which aims to achieve universal access to modern, affordable, reliable, and sustainable energy by 2030.

Main Points

1. Household Cooking Practices and Access to Clean Cooking

• Traditional cooking methods, primarily using charcoal and fuelwood, are still widely used in the Philippines, especially in rural areas.
• In 2018, 46% of the population had access to clean cooking, with rural areas at 27%.
• 54% of the population, or about 57.6 million people, rely on traditional cement stoves and use charcoal or fuelwood as cooking fuel.
• The study focuses on two cities: Iloilo City (highly urbanized coastal city) and San Jose City (low-density peri-urban and landlocked city).

2. Health and Environmental Impact of Household Air Pollution (HAP)

• HAP is a major health risk, linked to 4.3 million of the 7 million annual premature deaths from air pollution.
• Exposure to HAP is associated with noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) such as stroke, ischemic heart disease, lung cancer, and COPD.
• Traditional cookstoves emit high levels of pollutants like PM₂.₅, CO, SO₂, and NO₂, which are harmful to health.

3. Field Emission Tests and Indoor Air Quality

• Field emission tests using water boiling tests (WBT) showed that traditional fuel-technology combinations significantly exceed WHO emission rate targets (ERT) for PM₂.₅ and CO.
• Laboratory tests confirmed high emission levels from traditional stoves, with thermal efficiencies as low as 5.2% for fuelwood and 10.4% for charcoal.
• Electric and gas stoves were found to be the most efficient, with thermal efficiencies of 33.4% and 26.5%, respectively.

4. Cost Analysis of Cooking Fuels and Technologies

• Charcoal is the most expensive fuel, costing households P18,414.01/year in Iloilo City and P15,800.10/year in San Jose City.
• LPG is the second most expensive, with costs of P6,893.73/year in Iloilo City and P4,813.62/year in San Jose City.
• Electric stoves add additional electricity costs, while fuelwood is the least expensive, costing P958.83/year in Iloilo City and P151.78/year in San Jose City.

5. Potential Benefits of Switching to Modern Technologies

• Switching from traditional stoves to gas or electric stoves can significantly reduce PM₂.₅ emissions.
• A shift to butane stoves can reduce PM₂.₅ emissions by 60.04%, and to electric stoves by 99.32%.
• For fuelwood stoves, a shift to butane can reduce emissions by 84.38%, and to electric stoves by 99.74%.

6. Barriers to Adoption of Clean Cooking Technologies

• High up-front and recurring costs of modern stoves and fuels.
• Consumer perception that traditional stoves are more convenient, faster, and safer.
• Lack of awareness and information about the benefits of clean cooking technologies.

7. Policy and Program Recommendations

• The report encourages energy policymakers, local government units, and stakeholders to design and implement context-specific policies and programs.
• It suggests fostering market expansion and promoting the adoption of more efficient and cleaner cooking technologies.
• The findings aim to inform ADB's contributions to clean cooking access efforts in the Philippines and other developing member countries (DMCs) in the Asia and Pacific region.

Key Information

• HAP Impact: HAP is a leading cause of health issues, particularly affecting vulnerable groups like women, children, and the elderly.
• SDG 7: Ensuring access to affordable, reliable, and sustainable energy for all is a key target under SDG 7.
• ADB's Role: ADB supports the SEforALL initiative and aims to improve energy access through research, investment, and policy guidance.
• Study Scope: The study focuses on the Philippines, with field surveys and emission tests conducted in Iloilo City and San Jose City.
• Clean Cooking Solutions: LPG, electricity, and improved cookstoves (ICS) are identified as viable clean cooking technologies.

Conclusion

The study underscores the urgent need to address the barriers to clean cooking access in the Philippines. It highlights the significant health and environmental benefits of transitioning to modern cooking technologies and fuels. By providing detailed data on current practices, emission levels, and cost implications, the report serves as a valuable resource for policymakers and stakeholders aiming to accelerate the adoption of clean cooking solutions and achieve SDG 7 by 2030.