2011年-世界发展银行全球_Mongolia___Environment_and_Natural_Resource_Management_Socio-Economic_Survey_174页_1mb

Summary of the Environment and Natural Resource Management Socio-economic Survey for Mongolia (ENRMSS 2010)

Core Content

The Environment and Natural Resource Management Socio-economic Survey for Mongolia (ENRMSS 2010) was conducted by the National Statistical Office (NSO) of Mongolia in collaboration with the World Bank and an international consultant, Alejandro Caparrys. The survey aimed to investigate public perceptions of environmental issues and assess the economic value people place on improving these issues. It was funded by the Netherlands-Mongolia Trust Fund for Environmental Reform (NEMO II) and followed international standards in design and implementation.

The survey covered various aspects of environmental and socio-economic issues, including air pollution, access to drinking water and sanitation, solid waste management, wildlife use, and energy consumption. It also included data on the willingness to pay (WTP) for environmental improvements, using contingent valuation and conjoint analysis methods.

Main Environmental Problems

The survey identified the following as the most significant environmental issues:

• Air pollution is the top concern in Ulaanbaatar and is considered the most important issue at the national level.
• Poor garbage and solid waste collection is a major issue in other urban areas (aimag centers).
• Over-grazing and desertification are key problems in rural areas.
• Access to drinking water is also a priority in rural areas.
• Other issues include loss of wildlife, deforestation, poor disposal of household wastewater, forest and land fires, improper disposal of mining wastes, and encroachment on protected areas.

Millennium Development Indicators (MDIs)

The survey calculated the following MDI-related statistics:

• Access to improved water sources:

  • 55% in Ulaanbaatar
  • 66% in aimag centers
  • 22% in rural areas
  • Weighted average: 45% for Mongolia

• Access to improved sanitation:

  • 85% in Ulaanbaatar
  • 81% in aimag centers
  • 10% in rural areas
  • Weighted average: 55% for Mongolia

• Use of solid fuels (former MDI):

  • 37% in Ulaanbaatar
  • 71% in other aimag centers
  • 99% in rural areas
  • Weighted average: 69% for Mongolia

Willingness to Pay

The survey used stated-preference methods to estimate the willingness to pay for environmental improvements:

• Air pollution in Ulaanbaatar:

  • Households are willing to pay an average of MNT 328,256 (US$260) per household and year for a 5-year program that reduces particulate matter concentration by 20%.
  • Even the most conservative estimate is MNT 116,890 (US$97) per household and year.

• Drinking water and sanitation:

  • MNT 60,710 (US$50) per household and year for improved drinking water access.
  • MNT 41,473 (US$35) per household and year for improved sanitation.
  • These values are higher in urban areas than in rural areas, but rural households are more willing to pay for drinking water than for sanitation.

Herders' Perceptions

• Most herders believe the number of animals is increasing, but only 31% think action should be taken to reduce livestock in their soum.
• 53% prefer limiting the number of animals a person can own.
• 29% favor a permit market for animal ownership.
• 43% support a fee-based approach to manage animal movements.
• The results were influenced by the dzud (severe winter event) that occurred in the first quarter of 2010.

Perceptions on Natural Resource Management

• Mongolians perceive a decline in respect for nature and the environment.
• Community groups are seen as a useful mechanism for managing natural resources.
• Privatization is not favored.
• A majority of Mongolians are willing to give up hunting/eating marmots, deer, and other animals to allow them to recover.
• Stopping commercial trade is expected to benefit wildlife.
• Reforestation is favored, but tree cutting for nuts is also accepted.

Recommendations for Future Surveys

• The survey should be conducted regularly to monitor changes in public perceptions.
• The scope should be enhanced to include more detailed and specific topics.
• Further research is needed to understand the economic value of environmental improvements and to explore alternatives for improving the estimates.

Conclusion

The ENRMSS 2010 provides critical insights into Mongolians' environmental concerns and their willingness to pay for improvements. It highlights the need for an integrated approach to natural resource management that includes both economic and social dimensions. The survey also underscores the importance of involving the public in environmental decision-making and emphasizes the role of community-based initiatives in addressing rural environmental challenges.