20080131-IEA-Energy_Policies_of_IEA_Countries_United_States_of_America_2007_Review_200页_3mb

报告摘要

Important developments have shaped United States energy policy since 2005, including increases in energy prices, concerns about climate change, and growing energy security concerns.
New initiatives like EPAct 2005 aim to increase renewable use, improve energy efficiency and diversify nuclear power, while maintaining energy security.
Key recommendations include introducing a consistent CO2 value to accelerate clean technology deployment and strengthening coordination between federal, state and local governments.

The review evaluated against the IEA Shared Goals on energy security, environmental protection, economic growth and market efficiency.
It assessed policy coherence, implementation effectiveness and alignment with international trends.

The United States is pursuing a policy of reducing GHG emissions intensity while maintaining energy security through efficiency and diversification.
Comprehensive federal energy policy is needed to address significant challenges remaining in the energy sector.
Tax credits and market mechanisms like RPSs are actively encouraging renewable energy use, but long-term policy gaps remain a concern.

The United States is a global leader in energy RD&D funding and deployment.
Significant investment is made in nuclear (Generation IV), renewables (solar, biofuels) and fossil fuels (CCS).

Energy intensity has improved by 20% between 1995 and 2005, but USA policies still trail top performers like Denmark.
Ambitious energy efficiency targets set under law remain largely unrealized due to policy implementation gaps.
Demand-side management effectiveness has declined relative to energy demand growth.

Climate change policy differs from most IEA members who control absolute emissions.
Development of a consistent federal CO2 price mechanism is urgently needed to provide market signals.
Air pollution controls have been successful, particularly through market-based mechanisms.

Renewables' share in TPES remains low at around 4%.
Market pull mechanisms like tax credits (wind) and blending mandates (biofuels) are effective but inconsistent.
Federal renewable portfolio standards could provide more coherent framework cross-state.

Unconventional resources like oil shale and gas hydrates offer potential but require technological breakthroughs and environmental safeguards.
Gas is taking a larger role in electricity generation, creating demand variability.
Strategic imports need to be diversified away from single-pronged Gulf of Mexico dependence.

Demand is growing fastest in residential and commercial sectors.
Grid modernization and transmission investment are hampered by complex regulatory fragmentation.
Increased nuclear and renewable deployment requires transmission development.

Nuclear provides 19% of electricity but may not meet projected growth unless licensing delays are addressed.
New plant construction programs are underway but likely won't enter operation until 2015 or later.
Efforts to develop long-term nuclear waste solutions remain stalled in some states.

U.S. energy policy is making progress but lacks coherence across federal, state and sectoral levels.
Key challenges remain in climate policy consistency, energy efficiency implementation and energy security.
Strengthened coordination and market-oriented mechanisms are needed to achieve policy goals.

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