观察家研究基金会-2015-2021年印度智慧城市使命：盘点（英）-2021.8-29页_14mb

报告摘要

Summary of India’s Smart Cities Mission, 2015-2021: A Stocktaking

Core Content

The Smart Cities Mission (SCM), launched in 2015 by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA), aims to improve the quality of life in 100 selected cities and towns across India. The mission emphasizes data-driven governance, smart infrastructure development, and inclusive, sustainable urban growth. Despite its ambitious goals, the progress has been uneven, with many cities still not achieving the desired transformation.

The selected cities represent over one-third of India's urban population, with a total population of around 130 million as per the 2011 Census. The mission includes two types of development strategies:

Area-based development: Focused on specific areas within a city for redevelopment, retrofitting, or greenfield development.
Pan-city development: Applying smart solutions across larger parts of the city to improve liveability and services.

Main Viewpoints

Selection Process

The selection was based on urban population, number of statutory towns, and the quality of the smart city proposal.
The process involved two stages: first within states, then at the national level.
The 100th city, Shillong, was selected in June 2018.

Development Strategies

Area-based development involves targeted projects, such as the Bhendi Bazaar redevelopment in Mumbai and East Kidwai Nagar in Delhi.
Pan-city development includes initiatives like intelligent traffic management, wastewater recycling, and smart metering.

Implementation and Monitoring

Cities are required to form Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs) with a full-time CEO and government nominees on the board.
Smart City Advisory Forums (SCAFs) are established to support collaboration and stakeholder engagement.
A national apex committee (AC) and state steering committees (HPSCs) oversee the mission and ensure proper monitoring.

Financing

A total of INR 1,000 billion has been allocated for the 100 cities over five years.
Central and state/local governments share equal responsibility for fund mobilization.
As of July 2021, only 23% of the funds have been released, with central government releasing 13% and state/local governments releasing 10%.
Utilization of funds is also low, with 71% of total funds used, but only 48% by the central government and 23% by state/local governments.

Key Information

Project Completion

A total of 6,130 projects worth INR 1,814.91 billion have been tendered.
2,898 projects (47%) have been completed, with over 80% of projects completed in Indore, New Delhi, and Chennai.
Amaravati, Bhagalpur, Muzaffarpur, and Shillong have not completed any project.
61 cities have less than 40% project completion.

Fund Utilization

26 states/UTs have used over 50% of the funds released.
West Bengal and Sikkim have the highest utilization at over 90%.
Daman and Diu, Puducherry, and Assam have the lowest utilization at below 50%.
Central funds have been fully transferred to SPVs in 64 cities, while 36 cities have only 40-99% of funds transferred.

Regional Performance

Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, and Gujarat have performed the best.
Bihar, Punjab, Telangana, Puducherry, and Meghalaya are among the worst performers.
Northeastern states and UTs have the lowest number of projects and funds released.

Innovative Projects

Chennai developed a 400-bed facility for COVID-19 care.
Kalyan-Dombivali converted a sports complex into an ICU facility.
Coimbatore used robotic machines to clean manholes and septic tanks.
Mangaluru and Salem installed solar power projects.
Surat launched a chartered bicycle project with 42 stations and 1,160 bicycles.
Thiruvananthapuram installed GPS systems in e-autos and e-rickshaws.
Kavaratti implemented a rainwater harvesting system and reformed solid waste management.

Government Initiatives

National Urban Digital Mission (NUDM) launched in 2021 to enhance digital infrastructure and data availability.
Smart Cities Open Data Portal and SmartCode are being developed to support urban solutions.
National Urban Learning Platform (NULP) promotes capacity building through virtual training.
Ease of Living Index (EoLI) 2020 and Municipal Performance Index (MPI) 2020 assess urban governance and citizen well-being.
India Smart Cities Awards Contest (ISAC) recognizes best performing cities and innovative responses to crises like COVID-19.

Challenges

Administrative: SPVs often lack proper governance, with vacant board positions and inadequate coordination.
Financial: Fund mobilization and utilization remain low, with many states unable to match the central government's contribution.
Technical: Data handling and analysis are underdeveloped, and cybersecurity is a growing concern.

Recommendations

The SCM should be extended to a longer timeframe to allow for sustained development.
Enhanced coordination between different government departments is needed.
Improved fund mobilization and utilization must be prioritized.
Strengthening data infrastructure and cybersecurity measures is essential for the success of smart city projects.

Conclusion

While the Smart Cities Mission has made progress in several areas, including data-driven governance, infrastructure improvement, and innovative solutions, many cities still lag in implementation. The slow progress is attributed to administrative inefficiencies, financial constraints, and technical limitations. The pandemic has also played a role in delaying some projects. To ensure the mission's success, long-term planning, better coordination, and increased funding are necessary.