2009年-世界发展银行全球_Albania_-_Building_Competitiveness___Sector_Case_Studies_-_Apparel_and_Footwear_Tourism_and_Mining_90页_8mb
报告摘要
Summary of Report No. 47866-AL: Building Competitiveness in Albania (Volume II)
Core Content
This report focuses on the competitiveness of three key sectors in Albania: Apparel and Footwear, Tourism, and Mining. It analyzes the current state of these industries, identifies challenges, and provides policy recommendations to enhance their global competitiveness and sustainable development.
1. Apparel and Footwear
Main Points
- Export Growth: Apparel and footwear sectors have experienced strong export growth since 2000, contributing around 50% of total exports in 2007.
- Re-export Dependency: These sectors are heavily reliant on re-exporting to Italy, with over 90% of exports being re-exports, particularly in knit and non-knit apparel and footwear.
- Limited Upgrading: Despite growth, technological upgrading is limited due to:
- Low exposure to foreign knowledge and declining FDI.
- Weak absorptive capacity of Albanian firms, due to low technical capabilities and poor investment climate.
- Role of EU Trade Preferences: EU General System of Preferences (GSP) and Asymmetric Regional Preferences have significantly boosted exports, especially through Outward Processing Trade (OPT).
- Concentration Issues: Exports are highly concentrated in Italy (75% of apparel, 99.5% of footwear) and in limited product types, reducing diversification and sustainability.
- Current Status:
- In 2007, apparel exports reached US$294 million, contributing 27.3% of total exports.
- Footwear exports reached US$229 million, accounting for 14% of total employment.
- Growth Trends:
- Average annual growth in apparel and footwear exports was 15.3% from 1999 to 2007.
- Knit apparel (HS 61) grew at 18% annually, while non-knit apparel (HS 62) at 15%.
- Footwear (HS 64) grew at 20% annually, the highest among the sectors.
Key Policy Recommendations
- Ensure reliable electricity supply to support industrial operations and encourage backward linkages.
- Increase supply of skilled workers by involving the private sector in vocational education reform.
- Improve tax policy and implementation, particularly VAT reimbursement for imported equipment and inputs.
- Develop financial instruments such as working capital guarantees to enable long-term investments in upgrading.
- Implement targeted incentives to attract technology-intensive FDI and promote firm-level training and capital import reimbursement.
2. Tourism
Main Points
- Potential for Growth: Tourism is positioned as a "New Mediterranean Frontier" with increasing international tourist arrivals and receipts.
- Infrastructure and Accessibility: Tourism infrastructure is limited, and access to international markets is constrained by poor transport links, especially with Italy and Greece.
- Constraints on Development:
- Seasonal variation in tourist arrivals.
- Weak electricity supply and limited access to water are significant constraints for tourism businesses.
- High costs of mobile and internet services, and low e-mail/web use by businesses.
- Geographic Concentration: Most hotels are concentrated in certain areas, limiting widespread tourism development.
- Policy Environment: The institutional framework for tourism is underdeveloped, and there are concerns about the business environment and regulatory support.
Key Recommendations
- Improve tourism infrastructure, particularly access and transport services.
- Enhance the business environment to support tourism growth.
- Promote sustainable tourism development to reduce dependency on seasonal variations and improve long-term competitiveness.
3. Mining
Main Points
- Current Status: Mining is a significant sector, with metallurgy, metal processing, and mineral fuels as major export products.
- Export Growth: Total mining exports grew by 50.3% annually from 1999 to 2007, contributing 15% of total exports in 2007.
- Legal and Institutional Framework:
- The Albanian Mining Law and regulatory environment are underdeveloped.
- Governance is weak, and regulatory frameworks are not aligned with international best practices.
- Sector Challenges:
- Limited value addition from mineral resources, with most exports being unprocessed hides and skins.
- Low domestic investment in technology and knowledge transfer.
- Foreign direct investment in mining is not as robust as in other sectors, and technology transfer remains limited.
- Exploration Prospects: There is potential for exploration in non-ferrous metals, but budgets for exploration have not increased significantly.
Key Recommendations
- Strengthen the legal and institutional framework to improve governance and regulatory alignment.
- Promote sector reform to enhance value addition and sustainable development.
- Enhance transparency and efficiency in the mining sector to attract more FDI and improve competitiveness.
Key Tables and Figures
| Table | Description |
|---|---|
| Table 1.1 | Average annual growth in apparel and footwear exports, 1999-2006 |
| Table 1.2 | Product and geographic concentration of exports |
| Table 2.1 | Number of hotels featured on expedia.com and hotels.com |
| Table 2.2 | Tourism infrastructure assessment |
| Table 3.1 | Production of metals (metric tons) |
| Table 3.2 | Production of industrial minerals and salt |
| Table 3.3 | Production of mineral fuels |
| Table 3.4 | Production of individual mining entities |
| Table 3.5 | Matrix of mining sector reform in Albania |
| Figure | Description |
|---|---|
| Figure 1.1 | Annual growth in trade, apparel and footwear exports, 2000-07 |
| Figure 1.2 | Evolution in total exports of 3 major sectors, 1999-2007 |
| Figure 1.3 | Evolution in share of total exports of 3 major sectors, 1999-2007 |
| Figure 2.1 | Conceptual evolution of Albania as a tourist destination |
| Figure 2.2 | International tourist arrivals and receipts (2006) |
| Figure 2.3 | Seasonal variation in tourism visitors by month (2005-2007) |
| Figure 2.4 | Visitors by mode of transport (2007 data) |
| Figure 3.1 | Map of Albania with three mineral regions highlighted |
| Figure 3.2 | Price of nickel and copper, 1995-2007 |
| Figure 3.3 | Foreign direct investment into the Balkans (Million Euros), 2000-2005 |
| Figure 3.4 | Global non-ferrous metal exploration budgets (2002-2007) |
| Figure 3.5 | Chromite production, 1995-2005 |
| Figure 3.6 | Copper production, 1995-2005 |
| Figure 3.7 | Increasing the value from mineral resources for the economy |
| Figure 3.8 | Mining law/ regulations assessment against good practice |
Conclusion
The report highlights that Albania's apparel and footwear sectors are critical to its economy but remain low value-added, re-export oriented, and highly dependent on Italian buyers. Tourism offers growth potential but is hindered by infrastructure limitations and poor business environment. The mining sector is growing rapidly but lacks institutional support and sustainable development strategies. Overall, the study emphasizes the importance of investment climate reforms, technological upgrading, and policy interventions to enhance competitiveness and long-term economic growth in these sectors.
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