2015年-世界发展银行全球_Rise_of_the_Anatolian_Tigers___Turkey_Urbanization_Review_Policy_Brief_20页_2mb

Summary of "Rise of the Anatolian Tigers: Turkey Urbanization Review"

Core Content

This policy brief outlines Turkey's urbanization and economic transformation, emphasizing the country's unique approach to managing urban growth and its implications for future development. It highlights how Turkey has successfully harnessed urbanization as a driver of economic and social progress, while also identifying the challenges it now faces in building sustainable and livable cities for a high-income future.

Main Points

Economic and Social Transformation

• Urban Growth: Turkey has experienced one of the world's fastest urban growth rates, with cities now accommodating 75% of the population and contributing 92% of the country’s gross value added.
• Economic Shift: Over the past five decades, the share of industry in GDP increased from 18% to 27%, and services from 26% to nearly 64%.
• Poverty Reduction: The last decade has seen a dramatic and consistent decline in poverty, alongside improvements in human development indicators.
• Per Capita GDP: More than doubled from $6,000 in 1980 to $13,800 in 2013.
• Metropolitan Growth: The first 16 metropolitan municipalities account for 60% of urban dwellers, with Istanbul hosting 21% of the urban population.

Urbanization and Policy Success

• First-Generation Urban Agenda: Policies from the 1950s onward, including settlement planning, transport infrastructure, and economic liberalization, enabled Turkey to transition from an agrarian economy to an industrial and service-based one.
• Metropolitan Municipality Law (1984): This law provided a legal and administrative framework for managing urban areas at a metropolitan scale, enabling more efficient planning and service delivery.
• Agglomeration Economies: The law supported the development of agglomeration economies by promoting incremental planning, connective infrastructure, and private sector involvement.
• Informal Settlements: The government introduced permissive tenure regimes and amnesties to formalize informal housing, which helped reduce the fear of eviction and encouraged investment in housing and infrastructure.

The Anatolian Tigers

• Emergence: Secondary cities, known as the "Anatolian Tigers," have experienced significant demographic and economic growth.
• Demographic Shift: These cities have increased their share of the urban population, while the largest agglomerations (Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir) have seen a decline in population share.
• Economic Growth: Secondary cities have grown faster economically, driven by economic spillovers, lower land and labor costs, and access to regional markets.
• Examples: Cities like Gaziantep, Samsun, Malatya, and Trabzon have led the growth in gross value added per capita.

Urban Planning and Infrastructure

• Planning Framework: Turkey's planning system evolved significantly in the 1960s and 1970s, with the establishment of Master Plans for major cities.
• Connective Infrastructure: Efficient rail and road networks played a crucial role in connecting cities and enabling economic development, especially in the interior.
• Water and Sanitation: Corporatization of water utilities, particularly in Istanbul, improved service efficiency and cost recovery, with a model later extended to all metropolitan municipalities.
• TOKİ Model: The Housing Development Administration (TOKİ) was established in 1990 to facilitate housing supply, leveraging public land and subsidies to support affordable housing for low and middle-income groups.

Second-Generation Urban Agenda

• Challenges: Turkey now faces the need to address issues such as inefficient urban sprawl, environmental sustainability, and social inclusion.
• Policy Priorities:
  • Planning: Long-term, sustainable planning is essential to anticipate urban growth and manage land use effectively.
  • Connecting: Enhancing mobility and access to services within cities, particularly for low-income and women.
  • Financing: Improving capital investment planning and infrastructure financing to support sustainable urban expansion.

Support for Less Fiscally Equipped Municipalities

• National Programs: Initiatives like KÖYDES and SU-KAP provided subsidies and financing support to small towns and villages to improve access to water and sanitation.
• Iller Bank: Played a vital role in financing infrastructure expansion and supporting municipal development.
• Private Sector Involvement: Encouraged through matching grants, public-private partnerships, and streamlined administrative procedures.

Key Information

• Urbanization Rate: Over the past decade, Turkey's urban population grew three times faster than its overall population.
• Metropolitan Expansion: In 2012, 14 new metropolitan municipalities were added, bringing the total to 30.
• Land Use Efficiency: Turkey's cities are densely populated, which enhances infrastructure efficiency, productivity, and economic viability.
• Housing Affordability: The TOKİ model and mortgage market expansion have helped improve housing affordability and supply.

Conclusion

Turkey's urbanization journey has been marked by policy innovation, institutional reform, and market-driven growth. While the first-generation urban agenda laid the foundation for economic and social progress, the second-generation agenda must address sustainability, planning coordination, and inclusive development to support the country's transition to a high-income status. The emergence of the Anatolian Tigers reflects a more geographically diverse and economically dynamic urban landscape, offering valuable lessons for other developing countries.