2017年-数据局_路透社：挑战与机遇数字化移动化社交化背景下的媒体与新闻业_41页_3mb

Summary of Challenges and Opportunities for News Media and Journalism in an Increasingly Digital, Mobile, and Social Media Environment

Core Content

This report, published by the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism for the Council of Europe, examines the evolving landscape of news media and journalism in the context of digital, mobile, and social media technologies. It outlines the challenges and opportunities that arise from these changes and discusses the implications for media pluralism, democratic processes, and the sustainability of news organizations.

Main Technological and Market Developments

1. A More Digital Media Environment

• Over the past two decades, the media environment has become increasingly digital.
• Print readership is declining, while television viewing remains stable but with an aging audience.
• Digital media use has increased rapidly, especially in high-income democracies with high internet penetration.
• In these countries, over half of all media time is now spent on digital platforms, including mobile devices and personal computers.

2. The Move to a Mobile-Centred Media Environment

• Smartphones have become the dominant device for accessing news, surpassing personal computers in many regions.
• In 2015, mobile media use accounted for 25% of media time in the US, compared to 22% for personal computers.
• In several countries, including the UK and Nordic nations, more users access digital news via smartphones than via personal computers.

3. An Increasingly Social Media Environment

• Social media platforms, particularly Facebook, are becoming major sources of news.
• These platforms are not only used for social interaction but also for news consumption.
• The report highlights that in countries with strong traditional media, social media is not the main source of news, while in others with weaker media ecosystems, it is more frequently cited as a primary news source.

4. From Direct Contact to Distributed Media

• News media are becoming less central in the distribution of news, as users increasingly rely on third-party platforms such as search engines, social media, and aggregators.
• These platforms play a key role in how people discover news, often without direct access to news organizations.
• The report notes the rise of "distributed content," where news is consumed on platforms not owned by media organizations, such as Snapchat Discover and Facebook Instant Articles.

5. A More Participatory Media Environment

• Digital media enables users to engage with news in new ways, such as commenting, sharing, and even publishing their own content.
• Users are categorized into three groups:
  • Passive Consumers: 48% of users engage with news only through discussion or consumption without active participation.
  • Reactive Participants: 21% share and like stories but do not comment.
  • Proactive Participants: 31% actively engage with news by posting, commenting, and sometimes blogging or participating in campaigns.
• Participation levels are higher in countries with lower trust in media and more polarized political environments.

6. A More Polarized Pattern of News Media Use

• The media environment is becoming more polarized, with users either highly engaged or passive.
• This polarization is influenced by socio-economic factors such as age, education, and income.
• The gap between those who are highly interested in news and those who are not is likely to widen as digital media continues to evolve.

7. Generational Differences in News and Media Use

• Media habits are largely formed in youth and are difficult to change as people age.
• Older generations tend to rely on traditional media, while younger generations are more accustomed to digital and mobile platforms.
• It is unlikely that users coming of age in the 2010s will shift back to traditional forms of media consumption like newspapers and scheduled television.

Media Responses

• Legacy Media: Traditional news organizations are adapting to the digital age by investing in digital opportunities, cutting costs, and pursuing market consolidation.
• Digital Business Models: These organizations face declining revenues and are under pressure to develop new digital business models.
• Digital Advertising and Sales: The report highlights the growing importance of digital advertising and sales as revenue streams, though they remain challenging.
• Digital-born Players: New digital-native media companies, such as BuzzFeed, are gaining significant reach through social media and other platforms.
• Media Pluralism: The report notes that while digital media offers more choice, the dominance of a few large technology companies may threaten media pluralism and the diversity of news production.

Legal and Policy Responses

• Market Failures: There is a need for legal and policy interventions to address market failures in the production of quality journalism.
• Public Service Media: These remain an important pillar in maintaining media diversity and public service.
• Support for Private Sector Media: Governments and institutions are increasingly looking to support private media through indirect and direct means.
• Policy Challenges: The rise of digital platforms has created new challenges for policymakers in ensuring a competitive and diverse media landscape.

Conclusion

• The digital, mobile, and social media environment presents both opportunities and challenges for news media and journalism.
• While it offers more access to diverse information and new forms of participation, it also raises concerns about media pluralism and the sustainability of traditional news organizations.
• The report emphasizes the need for new legal and policy frameworks that can support quality journalism in a rapidly evolving media landscape.

Key Information

• Digital media use is increasing, especially among younger users.
• Smartphones have become the primary device for news consumption in many countries.
• Social media platforms are playing an increasingly important role in news distribution.
• Legacy media are struggling to adapt to the digital shift, often relying on cost-cutting and market consolidation.
• Media pluralism is under threat due to the concentration of power among a few large technology companies.
• Participation in news varies widely, with more active engagement in polarized and less trusted media environments.
• Policymakers must consider new approaches to support quality journalism and ensure a diverse and competitive media ecosystem.