世界发展银行-Scaling-Up-Disability-Inclusion-in-Water-Projects---Case-Study-of-PAMSIMAS_8页_1mb

Summary of Scaling Up Disability Inclusion in Water Projects: Case Study of PAMSIMAS

Core Content

This case study explores the integration of disability inclusion in Indonesia's Community-Based Drinking Water and Sanitation Program (PAMSIMAS), focusing on the cost implications of implementing inclusive water supply and sanitation (WSS) facilities. PAMSIMAS, a large-scale rural WSS initiative, has successfully embedded disability-inclusive development into its operations, aligning with the World Bank's Environmental and Social Framework and SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation for All). The project has also received support from the Government of Australia (GoA) to promote disability inclusion across all stages of WASH (Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene) projects.

Main Points

1. Global Context and Importance of Disability Inclusion

• Over 1 billion people globally have disabilities, with higher prevalence in low-income countries.
• Disability-inclusive development is crucial for achieving SDG 6 and the World Bank's twin goals of poverty reduction and shared prosperity.
• The Environmental and Social Framework mandates the inclusion of persons with disabilities in social assessments.
• The IDA 19 policy ensures disability inclusion in projects.

2. Overview of PAMSIMAS

• PAMSIMAS is a rural WSS development platform in Indonesia, aiming for universal access to water and sanitation.
• By 2020, it had improved water supply for 19.3 million people and sanitation for 15.46 million people.
• PAMSIMAS III (2016–2021) targeted 15,000 new villages, with 27,000 villages receiving follow-up support.
• The project uses a community-driven development (CDD) approach, involving village implementation teams (VITs) in planning and monitoring.
• Funding is shared between central (60%), district (10%), village funds (10%), and community contributions (20%).

3. Disability Inclusion in PAMSIMAS

• Disability inclusion was introduced in November 2016 with support from the GoA and the Christian Blind Mission (CBM).
• A disability-inclusive WASH training workshop was held for national and provincial officers.
• In 2017, the project applied a comprehensive approach in 59 pilot villages across 26 districts, involving persons with disabilities in planning, implementation, and O&M.
• The project developed standard operating procedures (SOPs) for disability-inclusive development and conducted refresher training for staff.

4. Community Planning, Implementation, and O&M

• Community mobilization is a key step, with government facilitators organizing meetings to engage persons with disabilities.
• Persons with disabilities are encouraged to participate in community meetings, share ideas, and contribute to planning.
• Data collection on persons with disabilities is part of the process, integrated into the Management Information System (MIS).

5. Capacity Development

• Capacity development is conducted at national, district, and village levels.
• Online training modules and refresher workshops have been introduced to improve understanding and facilitation skills.
• Challenges include low facilitator skills, lack of awareness, and insufficient confidence among persons with disabilities.
• Training for community facilitators and community members is a critical component.

6. Management Information System (MIS) Monitoring

• The MIS systematically collects data on persons with disabilities, including participation rates in meetings and training.
• Data is collected at village, district, and provincial levels, and used to monitor and improve the disability-inclusive approach.

7. Cost Analysis of Disability-Inclusive Development

• The case study analyzes the costs of soft and hard components of disability-inclusive WASH development.
• Soft components (training, meetings, technical assistance, data collection) accounted for 2.8% of total costs in 2018.
• Hard components (inclusive WASH facilities) showed minimal incremental costs, with inclusive school latrines and handwashing facilities costing slightly more than non-inclusive ones, but still within a small margin.
• Inclusive school latrines and handwashing facilities are often built even in villages without persons with disabilities, as schools are public spaces.

Key Information

Soft Component Costs (2018)

Hard Component Costs (School WASH Facilities)

• Inclusive facilities cost slightly more, but the incremental cost is minimal.
• The cost of accessible features (e.g., ramps, rails) is negligible compared to the total cost of WSS systems.
• Disability-inclusive approaches are cost-effective and can be integrated without significantly increasing infrastructure costs.

Conclusion and Way Forward

• Disability inclusion in PAMSIMAS is cost-effective, with soft costs at 2.8% and hard costs showing only marginal increases.
• Embedding disability inclusion from the start of activities is more cost-efficient than retrofitting.
• Capacity building and awareness raising among community members and facilitators are essential for successful inclusion.
• Scaling up disability-inclusive WASH requires continued support and innovative approaches to ensure participation and engagement.
• The enabling environment for persons with disabilities must be strengthened to promote social inclusion and attitudinal change.

Challenges and Recommendations

• Facilitator capacity needs improvement.
• Community awareness of disability inclusion is still limited.
• Retrofitting is more expensive than inclusive design from the outset.
• Data collection and monitoring must be strengthened to ensure consistent implementation.
• Standard operating procedures (SOPs) should be widely adopted and regularly updated.

Notes and References

• The four key areas for disability inclusion are outlined on the World Bank website.
• SDG 6.1, 6.2, and 6.B are particularly relevant to this case.
• The SOPs for disability-inclusive development are available in Bahasa Indonesia.
• The Washington Group's Short Set of Disability Questions is used for data collection.
• Cost data is converted to US$ using the 2018 exchange rate (1 USD = 147,000 IDR).
• The PAMSIMAS project includes household connections and public taps, but these are not analyzed in this case study.