2017年-世界发展银行全球_Land_Use_Planning_for_Urban_Flood_Risk_Management_28页_3mb

Summary of Urban Floods Community of Practice: Land Use Planning for Urban Flood

Core Content

This document outlines the role of land use planning in flood risk management for urban areas. It emphasizes the importance of a risk-based approach to land use planning, which helps cities manage flood risks by balancing development with safety and sustainability. The document highlights the need for integrating "green" and "gray" infrastructure to create a resilient urban water ecosystem and reduce the impact of floods.

Main Views

• Land use planning is a nonstructural approach that guides development to minimize flood risks and maximize community benefits.
• Flood risk in urban areas is increasing due to climate change, rapid urbanization, and poor land management.
• Risk-based land use planning ensures safe location, safe construction, and safe activities to protect communities and reduce the vulnerability of urban growth to flooding.
• Spatial plans are essential tools for guiding land use based on flood risk assessments and can be developed at different administrative levels, from national to local.
• Flood risk reduction requires a combination of regulatory, economic, financial, and behavioral tools, along with community participation and capacity building.

Key Information

1. Land Use Principles

• Safe Location: Land use planning should guide development away from high-risk flood zones and promote the use of floodplains for low-occupancy, environmentally friendly purposes.
• Safe Construction: Encourages the integration of green and gray infrastructure to enhance flood resilience and protect ecosystems.
• Safe Activities: Supports multifunctional land use and ecosystem protection to ensure sustainable development in flood-prone areas.

2. Land Use Measures

• Prevention: Minimize development in flood-prone areas and reduce water runoff through development controls.
• Response and Recovery: Designate routes and open spaces for emergency operations and ensure that infrastructure investments are based on flood risk.
• Reconstruction: Promote "build back better" practices by accommodating urban growth in flood-safe areas and using resettlement and redevelopment strategies.

3. Spatial Plans

• Spatial plans help identify flood-prone and safe areas and guide the allocation of land use accordingly.
• They can include flood protection zones, emergency routes, and strategic open spaces for disaster response.
• Spatial plans are developed at various levels: national, state/ regional, metropolitan, and municipal, with local area plans focusing on specific communities.

4. Land Use Implementation Tools

• Regulatory: Zoning plans, building codes, development controls, and emergency plans.
• Financial: Public funds, public-private partnerships, and flood insurance.
• Economic: Land-based financing, preferential taxation, tax credits, and conditional permitting.
• Behavioral: Awareness campaigns, risk disclosure in real estate, early warning systems, and capacity building.

5. Challenges

• Enforcement of regulations is difficult, especially in developing countries with informal settlements and unclear land tenure.
• Resettlement is often resisted by communities, and political will is crucial for successful implementation.
• Integration of flood risk into land use planning requires multi-stakeholder coordination, technical capacity, and institutional support.

6. Recommendations

• Educate decision makers and communities about flood risks and the role of land use planning.
• Build technical and governance capacity to implement and manage flood risk-based land use plans.
• Use a participatory framework for risk diagnostics and communication.
• Combine tools such as regulatory, financial, and behavioral measures for effective flood risk management.

Case Studies

• The Netherlands: Shifted from controlling rivers to restoring floodplains, increasing discharge capacity without raising dike levels.
• Singapore: Implemented the ABC Waters program, which integrates flood resilience with urban planning through green infrastructure and water cycle management.
• Da Nang, Vietnam: Developed a resilience action plan involving regional cooperation and green space transformation.
• Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Focused on protecting urban forests, green infrastructure, and flood-proof housing in its 2016 resilience strategy.
• Kaduna, Nigeria: Zoned natural drainage channels as green corridors to manage urban expansion in flood-prone areas.
• Kibera, Kenya: Used participatory flood risk assessment and community-based micro-projects to improve living conditions in flood-prone slums.

Conclusion

Land use planning is a critical component of an integrated flood risk management approach, offering cost-effective and sustainable solutions. It must be tailored to local contexts, supported by multi-stakeholder coordination, and implemented with community participation to be successful. The document provides insights into how land use planning can be adapted in different settings and highlights the importance of a holistic and inclusive strategy for effective flood risk management.