2015年-世界发展银行全球_Land_Delivery_Systems_in_West_African_Cities___The_Example_of_Bamako_Mali_133页_2mb

Land Delivery Systems in West African Cities: The Example of Bamako, Mali

Core Content

This document provides an in-depth analysis of land delivery systems in West African cities, with a specific focus on Bamako, Mali. It explores the mechanisms through which land is accessed and transferred in urban and peri-urban areas, as well as the rural hinterland, and highlights the challenges and implications of these systems for urban development and social equity.

Main Points

Land Delivery Channels

The study identifies three primary land delivery channels in Bamako:

1. Customary Land Delivery Channel

   • Dominates in peri-urban areas where land use is transitioning from agricultural to residential.
   • Involves informal and traditional methods of land access, often through local leaders or customary rights.
   • Land tenure is typically insecure, and formalization processes are minimal.

2. Public and Parapublic Land Delivery Channel

   • Involves administrative allocation of land by the state or local authorities.
   • Includes the granting of temporary permits for personal use and, less frequently, ownership titles.
   • Often used for public housing and infrastructure projects.

3. Formal Private Land Delivery Channel

   • Involves legal and regulated land markets where plots are sold to developers or individuals with secure titles.
   • These plots are typically serviced (with access to water and electricity) and come with formal ownership titles.
   • Prices are significantly higher due to the formalization process and the involvement of stakeholders.

Land Delivery System

• The land delivery system encompasses the dynamics and interactions between the three channels.
• It is influenced by the legal, institutional, and administrative frameworks, as well as the social and political context.
• The system is characterized by significant informalities, legal ambiguities, and inefficiencies.

Land Market Issues

• Land markets are highly distorted, with limited formalization and high transaction costs.
• Informal markets are tolerated or even encouraged by the administration due to the complexity and high cost of formal processes.
• These markets allow lower- and middle-income households to access land but do not provide secure tenure.
• The poorest households are forced to rely on rental housing due to lack of access to formal land markets.

Land Tenure and Conflicts

• Land tenure is often precarious, with many households lacking legal documentation.
• Conflicts arise between local people, authorities, and stakeholders due to overlapping rights and unclear land ownership.
• These conflicts are particularly prevalent in peri-urban and rural areas where land tenure systems are mixed.

Key Findings

• Inequality in Land Access: The urban poor face significant challenges in accessing land due to the complexity and cost of formalization.
• Informal Settlements: Over 60% of the urban population in Sub-Saharan African cities lives in informal settlements.
• Weak Land Governance: The lack of effective land governance and administration contributes to social unrest and instability.
• Land Price Trends: Land prices are rising due to limited supply and high demand, especially in peri-urban areas.
• Role of Stakeholders: Various stakeholders, including local authorities, developers, and informal actors, play a critical role in land delivery and market dynamics.
• Policy Implications: Improving land access requires a comprehensive understanding of the political economy and institutional context of land markets.

Methodology

• The study uses a systemic approach, combining qualitative and quantitative methods.
• It includes interviews with key informants, a survey of land transfers, and a review of legal and policy documents.
• The analysis covers the urban and peri-urban areas of Bamako and its rural hinterland over a three-year period.

Conclusion

• The land delivery system in Bamako is a crucial factor in the urbanization process and the growth of the region.
• Systemic diagnosis is essential for developing effective land policies.
• The informalization of land markets is a result of weak governance, high costs, and complex procedures.
• Addressing land issues is vital for inclusive growth and shared prosperity in West African cities.

Recommendations

• Improving Land Access: Requires simplifying procedures, reducing costs, and enhancing transparency.
• Formalization Efforts: Must be accompanied by strong legal frameworks and institutional capacity.
• Policy Coordination: Needs to involve multiple stakeholders and address the root causes of land inequality and conflict.

Key Terms

• Titre Foncier: Ownership title.
• Concession Rurale: Rural concession.
• Concession Urbaine d'Habitation: Urban concession for residential purposes.
• Petits Papiers: Informal land documents or titles.

Figures and Maps

• Figure 3.1: The Customary Land Delivery Channel.
• Figure 3.2: The Public and Parapublic Land Delivery Channel.
• Figure 3.3: The Formal Private Land Delivery Channel.
• Figure 4.1: The Land Delivery System.
• Figure 5.1: Spatial Patterns of Land Transfers.
• Map 2.1: Study Area.
• Map 5.1: Locations of Plots in the Survey Sample.

Tables

• Table 2.1: Characteristics of Urban and Peri-Urban Areas and the Rural Hinterland.
• Table 4.1: Degrees of Informality of Land Market Transactions.
• Table 5.1: Characteristics of Land Transfers.
• Table 5.2: Buyers and Sellers of Land According to Transfer Type and Occupation.
• Table 5.3: Tenure Status at Time of Transfer by Intended Use of Plot.
• Table 5.4: Tenure Status and Type of Transfers at Time of Transfer.
• Table 5.5: Median Distance to City Center by Tenure Status at Time of Transfer.
• Table 5.6: Tenure Transition Matrix: All Plots.
• Table 5.7: Tenure Transition Matrix: Residential Plots.
• Table 5.8: Land Price Regressions, All Uses.
• Table 5.9: Land Price Regression, Residential Use.

Authors

• Alain Durand-Lasserve: Emeritus senior research fellow at CNRS, France.
• Maylis Durand-Lasserve: Consultant on land and tenure policies.
• Harris Selod: Senior economist at the World Bank, specializing in urban development and land issues in West Africa.

Acknowledgments

• The authors thank various individuals and organizations for their support and contributions, including:
  • Demba Karagnara for research assistance.
  • Lamine Camara and his team for survey contributions.
  • Lara Tobin for statistical analysis.
  • Brian Blankespoor for GIS programming and mapping.
  • Numerous informants and land practitioners in Mali.
  • The World Bank's Knowledge for Change Program and Multi-Donor Trust Fund for Sustainable Urban Development.

Rights and Permissions

• The work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO.
• Translations and adaptations must include specific disclaimers.
• Permissions are required for reuse of third-party content.

References

• The study references a wide range of academic and policy documents, including:
  • Rochegude and Plançon (2010)
  • UN-Habitat (2010)
  • INSTAT (2011)

Notes

• The document includes detailed notes on methodology, data collection, and policy implications.
• It emphasizes the need for accurate diagnosis and systemic reform in land governance.