2023-12-31-亚开行-中亚交通基础设施适应气候变化措施手册_重点关注乌兹别克斯坦（英）_104页_12mb

Summary of the Manual for Climate Change Adaptation Measures for Transport Infrastructure in Central Asia with a Focus on Uzbekistan

Core Content

This manual provides guidance for government officials, consultants, and contractors on how to adapt transport infrastructure in Central Asia to the impacts of climate change, with a particular focus on Uzbekistan. It outlines the effects of climate-related stressors on infrastructure and presents practical adaptation measures to increase resilience.

Main Viewpoints

• Climate Change Impacts on Transport Infrastructure: The manual highlights that climate change is already affecting the region, with increasing temperatures, more frequent and intense weather events, and glacial melt leading to significant risks for infrastructure.
• Key Climate Stressors: The main stressors include floods, temperature extremes, snow piling, rockfalls, and heat, which can damage roads, bridges, embankments, and drainage systems.
• Adaptation is Essential: Given the irreversible and unpredictable nature of climate change, adaptation measures are necessary to build resilience and extend the service life of infrastructure.
• Mitigation and Adaptation: Mitigation involves reducing carbon footprints through sustainable materials and processes, while adaptation includes engineering solutions to counteract climate impacts.
• Uzbekistan as a Case Study: The manual emphasizes the need for climate adaptation in Uzbekistan, considering its specific climate and infrastructure conditions.

Key Information

Climate Change Overview

• The Central Asian region (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan) is experiencing rising temperatures, extreme weather events, and glacial melt.
• Since the 1950s, the average annual temperature has increased by between 0.3°C and 2.4°C.
• Over the past 30 years, the rate of temperature increase has accelerated.
• Projected temperature increases by 2050 could be up to 2.0°C above pre-industrial levels, with potential increases of up to 5.5°C in the Kyrgyz Republic and 5.7°C in Tajikistan by 2085.
• Precipitation is expected to increase in the November–April period, especially in the Kyrgyz Republic and Uzbekistan, with a 50% and 30% rise respectively by 2085.

Climate-Related Stressors

• Floods: Water saturation reduces soil bearing capacity, affects drainage systems, and causes scouring around bridge piers. Gravity flows can be exacerbated by floodwaters.
• Temperature Effects: High temperatures can cause concrete to crack and degrade, while extreme heat can affect road structures and materials.
• Snow and Ice: Snow piling and snowcap melt increase the risk of damage to roads and slopes. Permafrost thaw leads to rockfalls.
• Rockfalls: Tension relief and permafrost melt contribute to rockfalls, which can be mitigated through engineering solutions.
• Fires: Increased fire frequency can affect soil stability, especially in arid regions.

Adaptation Measures

• Flood Adaptation: Includes soil stabilization, embankment reinforcement, slope protection, and drainage system maintenance.
• Gravity Flow Mitigation: Uses fragility curves for embankments and bioengineering solutions to reduce the risk of failure.
• Temperature Resilience: Involves using low-cost materials, improving pavement design, and managing surface runoff.
• Rockfall Prevention: Includes slope stabilization techniques and early warning systems.
• Sustainable Practices: Promotes the use of low-carbon materials, afforestation, and recycling of construction materials to reduce carbon footprints.

Focus on Uzbekistan

• Political Framework: The manual outlines the general political and institutional framework for climate action in Uzbekistan.
• Adaptation Strategies: Suggests specific adaptation measures for Uzbekistan, such as new digital tools for due diligence and pre-assessment of road projects.
• Service Life and Maintenance: Emphasizes the importance of maintenance and service life extension in the face of climate change.

Carbon Footprint and Emissions

• Carbon Footprint (CFP): Refers to the total carbon emissions embodied in a product or process.
• Mitigation Goals: The manual supports the 2015 Paris Agreement goals of reducing CFP by 50% by 2030 and achieving carbon neutrality by 2050.
• Anthropogenic Emissions: Human activities, particularly fossil fuel burning and cement production, contribute significantly to emissions.
• Natural Emissions and Sinks: Natural systems like forests and oceans act as carbon sinks, but their capacity is being challenged by increased emissions.
• Carbon Footprint Calculation Example: The CFP of a concrete pavement is calculated based on the carbon emissions from cement production, transportation, and construction.

Conclusion

The manual underscores the importance of integrating climate change adaptation into transport infrastructure planning and design. It provides a comprehensive overview of climate-related stressors, mitigation strategies, and adaptation measures tailored to the Central Asian context, with a special emphasis on Uzbekistan. The goal is to enhance the resilience of transport systems and ensure they can withstand future climate impacts.