2001年-世界发展银行全球_Mongolia___Energy_Efficiency_in_the_Electricity_and_District_Heating_Sectors_40页_1mb

Summary of Mongolia - Energy Efficiency in the Electricity and District Heating Sectors

Purpose

This report summarizes the results of the Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme (ESMAP) support to Mongolia from 1994 to 1998, focusing on the rehabilitation of the electricity and district heating systems. The ESMAP assistance was coordinated with the Government of Mongolia (GOM), donor agencies, and the Asian Development Bank (ADB), with co-financing from DANIDA and the Swedish trust fund. The main objectives were to assess energy losses in Ulaanbaatar's electricity and district heating systems and to propose actions to reduce them to economic levels.

Core Content

• ESMAP Overview: ESMAP is a joint UNDP/World Bank program aimed at promoting sustainable energy development in developing countries and transition economies. It focuses on sector reform, access to modern energy, and sustainable practices.
• Mongolia's Energy Context: Mongolia's energy system is heavily reliant on coal, with a central system consisting of five CHP plants. The system serves Ulaanbaatar, Darkhan, Baganur, Erdenet, and surrounding aimags, accounting for about 90% of the country's electricity use and most of its district heating.
• Institutional Framework: The Energy Authority (EA) oversees the central system, while the District Heating Company (DHC) manages transmission and the City Housing Company (CHC) manages distribution. The EA is owned by the State Property Committee (SPC), and the Ministry of Infrastructure and Development (MID) formulates energy policy.
• Key Issues: The electricity and district heating sectors face challenges such as high energy losses, financial shortages, and outdated institutional structures. Non-technical losses are significant in the electricity distribution system, especially in ger areas, while water leakage is a major issue in the district heating system.

Main Conclusions

1. Electricity Distribution System:

   • Energy losses in the transmission and distribution (TD) system in Ulaanbaatar have increased from 27% in 1995 to 30% in 2000.
   • Technical losses account for about 14%, while non-technical losses account for 16%.
   • Ger areas experience high non-technical losses due to poor billing and collection practices.
   • Overloaded transformers and long, thin low-voltage lines are the top priorities for rehabilitation.

2. District Heating System (DHS):

   • Water losses are significant, with an average of 1,000 tons per hour during the heating season.
   • Total annual water loss is estimated at 310 GWh, and heat losses are about 340 GWh or 14% of total supply.
   • Water losses are primarily due to leaks in the transmission and distribution systems, with TES 4 showing particularly high losses due to poor condition.
   • Heat losses are mainly due to radiation from ducts and aerial pipes.

3. Integrated Approach:

   • The report emphasizes the need for an integrated approach to energy efficiency and sector reform, rather than treating electricity and district heating separately.
   • The Government of Mongolia is preparing an Energy Law to enable the separation of policy, regulatory, and operational roles in the energy sector.

Main Actions

• A US$35 million Energy Project is being prepared by the GOM and the World Bank to:
  • Improve the efficiency and reliability of the power distribution system in Ulaanbaatar.
  • Enhance revenue collection and reduce losses.
  • Assist UBEDO in becoming a modern and commercialized distribution company.
• The project is expected to reduce distribution losses from 30% to 14.5%.

Investment Projects

• DANIDA-financed project:

  • Replacement of 3.1 km of pipeline and 36 compensators in the transmission system.
  • Expected to reduce both water and heat losses, with heat losses at least halved in the affected network section.

• ADB Energy Conservation Loan (1492-MON):

  • Replacement of 6 km of district heating pipeline and 39 sectioning valves.
  • Insulation and covering of overground piping to reduce heat losses.

• ADB Heating Rehabilitation Project (1548-MON):

  • Installation of variable speed-controlled pumps to integrate the three TES plants into a common network.
  • New pressure holding system to increase pressure.
  • Separation of internal TES heating systems from the transmission and distribution network to improve leak detection.
  • Addition of water treatment capacity to minimize corrosion.
  • Improvement of block substations with hydraulic separation and control equipment.
  • Use of heat exchangers to separate directly connected consumers from the DHC.

Areas for Improvement

• Institutional Reform: The current institutional and regulatory structure does not provide sufficient incentives for loss reduction. Reform is necessary to enable a more commercial approach.
• Technical Rehabilitation: Key areas for investment include:
  • Rehabilitation of distribution systems.
  • Internal system rehabilitation for TES 3 and TES 4.
  • Replacement of transmission system components.
  • Installation of sectioning valves, compensators, and differential pressure controllers.
  • Maintenance and repair equipment.
  • Support for commercialization of distribution companies.
• Future Investment: An estimated US$17 million is needed for the next phase of investments, focusing on:
  • Reducing water losses within power plants.
  • Minimizing water losses in the transmission system due to high pressure.
  • Improving the distribution system managed by CHC.

Key Information

• Currency Equivalents: 1 US$ = 1080 Tugrik (Tg), 1000 Tg = US$0.93.
• Heating Season: October to April.
• Main Losses:
  • Water Losses: 6 million tons per year, with leakage rates exceeding international standards.
  • Heat Losses: 340 GWh annually, or 14% of total supply.
• ESMAP's Role: ESMAP provided technical assistance and helped shape the Energy Sector Work Strategy (ESW), which guided donor investments and sector reform efforts.
• Collaboration: ESMAP worked closely with the GOM, donor agencies, and the ADB to assess and improve energy efficiency in both sectors.

Funding and Support

• ESMAP is funded by the World Bank, UNDP, and various bilateral and multilateral donors.
• The ESMAP program encourages dissemination of its work and allows for free reproduction for non-commercial purposes.

Recommendations

• The report recommends a long-term partnership between the GOM and donor agencies to attract private sector participation and establish a sound regulatory framework.
• Institutional and regulatory reform is essential for sustainable energy efficiency improvements.
• Physical rehabilitation of the distribution and transmission systems is critical to reducing losses.