农业科技投入20年演进_增长_分化与区域重构_9页_1014kb

Summary of Agricultural Science and Technology Indicators 2004–2023

Core Content

This analytical brief provides an overview of global and regional trends in public agricultural research and development (R&D) from 2004 to 2023. It highlights the growth in the number of researchers and public expenditure on agricultural R&D, emphasizing disparities in investment and capacity across different regions and countries.

Main Highlights

• In 2023, 316,000 full-time equivalent (FTE) researchers were employed in global public agricultural R&D systems, with USD 50.4 billion spent on these systems in constant 2015 purchasing power parities (PPP).
• Between 2004 and 2023:
  • The number of agricultural researchers grew at an average annual rate of 2.3%, compared to 1.8% for expenditure.
  • Asia accounted for 45% of the global researchers and 48% of the global expenditure.
  • Eight countries accounted for nearly half of the global spending.
  • Public agricultural R&D expenditure as a share of agricultural value added averaged 1.3%, with two-fifths of countries exceeding 1%.

Global Trends

• The number of researchers and expenditure on public agricultural R&D increased steadily over the past two decades.
• Three distinct phases of growth:
  • 2004–2009: Slow growth in researchers (0.6% per year) and modest increase in expenditure (0.8% per year).
  • 2009–2014: Rapid growth in researchers (3.1% per year) and faster expansion in expenditure (1.7% per year).
  • 2014–2023: Sustained but slightly lower growth in researchers (2.9% per year) and accelerated expenditure growth (2.4% per year).

Regional Analysis

Researchers

• Asia had the largest share of researchers (45% in 2023), followed by Europe (24%), Americas (14%), Africa (13%), and Oceania (3%).
• Africa recorded the fastest growth in researchers (4.4% per year), while Europe and the Americas showed slower growth (0.6% and 1.3% respectively).
• Subregional Growth:
  • Central Asia: 8.0% CAGR.
  • Eastern Asia: 3.7% CAGR.
  • Southern Asia: 2.6% CAGR.
  • Western Asia: 4.0% CAGR.
  • Eastern Africa: 5.5% CAGR.
  • Western Africa: 4.8% CAGR.
  • Southern Africa: -0.5% CAGR.

Expenditure

• Asia accounted for 48% of global expenditure in 2023, followed by Americas (22%), Europe (19.5%), Africa (7.6%), and Oceania (2.6%).
• Subregional Expenditure Trends:
  • Central Asia: 6.8% CAGR.
  • Eastern Asia: 4.4% CAGR.
  • Southern Asia: 4.4% CAGR.
  • South-eastern Asia: 0.8% CAGR.
  • Western Asia: 1.3% CAGR.
  • Southern Europe: -0.6% CAGR.
  • Western Europe: 0.6% CAGR.
  • Africa showed a marginal decline in expenditure (-0.2% CAGR) despite a significant increase in researchers.

Country-Level Analysis

Researchers

• Top 20 countries with the most researchers accounted for 68.1% of the global workforce in 2023.
• Brazil, China, India, and Japan are among the largest contributors to the global agricultural research workforce.
• Disparities in the number of researchers per 100,000 agricultural workers are significant, with some high-income countries having high values due to a large research system and small agricultural labor force.

Expenditure

• China had the highest agricultural R&D expenditure in 2023, followed by India, USA, and Brazil.
• Eight countries accounted for more than half of the global expenditure.
• Agricultural R&D intensity (expenditure as a share of agricultural value added) averaged 1.3%, with a median of 0.6%.
• More than two-fifths of countries spent over 1% of agricultural value added on R&D.

Key Methodological Notes

• The data are based on the FAO Agricultural Science and Technology Indicators (ASTI) dataset, which provides internationally comparable information on national agricultural research systems.
• The brief focuses on public agricultural R&D, excluding data from business enterprises.
• The Frascati Manual (OECD, 2015) is used as the basis for R&D classification and measurement.
• Researchers are measured in full-time equivalents (FTEs) to ensure comparability.
• Expenditure is reported in constant 2015 PPP to account for price differences.

Conclusion

Public agricultural R&D has seen consistent growth in both the number of researchers and expenditure over the past two decades, with Asia leading in both categories. However, disparities persist across regions and countries, particularly in Africa and Southern Europe, where research capacity and expenditure growth differ significantly. Understanding these trends is crucial for policy and investment decisions in the agricultural sector.