> **来源:[研报客](https://pc.yanbaoke.cn)** # 宏观专题 # 宏观经济深度研究 # 结构性货币政策的传导与边界 当前,货币市场利率水平已处于历史低位,中国经济正处于新旧动能转换的关键阶段,货币政策的操作重心也随之发生深刻变化,从总量调控走向总量与结构性工具协同发力。一方面,降准、降息等总量工具仍是稳定总需求与价格预期的关键抓手。另一方面,结构性货币政策成为引导金融资源流向科技创新、绿色转型等正外部性领域的重要支点。2026年初0.25个百分点的结构性降息表明,结构性政策已不再仅仅是总量政策的补充,更能够通过定向、分层的利率和数量安排,提高关键领域的边际融资效率。与总量政策不同,结构性货币政策并不追求全面宽松,而是在维持利率中枢相对稳定的同时,将定向优惠利率嵌入银行的资源配置过程。这种利率调控范式的转型,不仅提升了货币政策在复杂约束下的有效性,也为理解中国结构性货币政策的制度逻辑提供了更清晰的分析框架。然而,结构性工具的规模仍然有限,2025年三季度末,其余额仅占金融机构人民币贷款余额的 $1.85\%$ ,因此更多作用于经济结构优化,对价格中枢的支撑仍以中长期的间接影响为主。考虑到物价回升目标的重要性,总量政策对于内需修复依然具有不可替代的基础作用。2026年,货币政策将呈现结构性扩容与温和总量宽松并行的特征。随着服务消费与养老再贷款等新工具的常态化运用,金融对民生领域及新型消费场景的支持效能有望进一步释放。在汇率、银行息差与微观活力三方面约束下,预计仍有0.5个百分点的降准空间和0.1-0.2个百分点的降息空间,视需求修复进度平稳落地,为物价合理回升与经济高质量转型提供跨周期的流动性支撑。 从价的角度看,结构性降息为结构性货币政策的信贷传导提供额外的利率传导加成。本质上,结构性货币政策是中央银行的信贷政策,其主要形式是再贷款,并通过商业银行体系向实体经济传导。央行通过再贷款向银行体系注入资金,增加银行在央行的准备金规模,从而扩大其可贷资金来源,推动银行创造更多信用,实体经济也由此获得更多金融支持。如果是总量货币政策的信贷投放,银行可以依据自身的经营策略和风险偏好配置可贷资金。自现代商业银行诞生以来,银行天然更青睐有抵押品、现金流稳定的企业或个人,这一偏好源于其“借短贷长”的核心经营模式。然而在实体经济中,小微企业、技术尚未成熟的科技企业等最需要银行信贷支持的主体,往往并非银行优先选择的对象。相比之下,大型企业本就可以通过发行股票或债券进行直接融资,却更容易获得银行贷款。这种融资需求与供给之间的错位,便导致了信贷错配。结构性货币政策正是通过缓解金融机构对这些领域的风险偏好约束,并提供长期、低成本的资金支持,引导金融机构向特定部门投放流动性,从而提升相关企业的投资意愿和扩张能力。 图1:结构性货币政策改变银行对金融资源的配置倾向 2026年2月9日 程实,博士 (852) 2206 8049 shi.cheng@icbc.com.cn 尹学钰,博士 (852) 2683 3864 sherry.yin@icbci.com # 相关研究: 4/2/2026:《区间有序、路径难测——混沌演化视角下的人民币汇率再探索》 2/2/2026:《全球生产网络与绕不开的中国——“经纬之间纵横其链”中国价值链系列研究之三》 1/30/2026:《分位数视角下的美元指数走势》 1/29/2026:《独立性承压下的货币政策路径——2026年1月美联储议息会议点评》 1/26/2026:《以历史主动精神应对混沌演化——变局世界与潜能中国系列研究之二》 1/22/2026:《人工智能重塑劳动力市场的理论认知》 1/14/2026:《从银价波动看“变乱交织、动荡加剧”》 1/7/2026:《价值链攀升的中国坐标——“经纬之间纵横其链”中国价值链系列研究之二》 1/6/2026:《人工智能时代的中国比较优势》 1/5/2026:《如何充分挖掘经济潜能?——变局世界与潜能中国系列研究之一》 12/30/2025:《纵横捭阖:全球价值链重构与中国产业体系突破——“经纬之间纵横其链”中国价值链系列研究之一》 12/23/2025:《中等发达国家的丰富内涵与政策指向》 12/16/2025:《每一代人都有自己的Labubu——从新需求×新供给看中国消费新格局》 12/12/2025:《格物致知,成势在人——投资于物和投资于人的时代逻辑》 12/11/2025:《利率下行,风险上行——2025年12月美联储议息会议点评》 在货币政策的三大类工具中,通常将公开市场操作所锚定的短期利率视为政策利率。中国人民银行以7天逆回购利率作为短期政策利率,向商业银行释放短期流动性。但从操作属性和期限结构看,再贷款的执行利率同样属于中央银行直接设定的政策利率,通过商业银行传导,只是对应于更长期限和特定用途的资金。根据传统的利率传导机制,中央银行通过调节短期政策利率影响市场预期,并经由期限结构传导至中长期利率水平,最终作用于实体经济融资成本。因此,在传统框架下,政策利率既承担宏观调控信号功能,也被寄予调节实体融资成本的直接作用预期。然而,在利率水平整体下移、传导弹性下降、经济结构性矛盾突出的情况下,单一利率工具难以同时完成多重目标。近年来的政策实践表明,短期政策利率主要承担锚定利率中枢和稳定市场预期的功能,而再贷款利率则被用于定向降低特定领域的融资成本。实证研究发现,部分结构性工具还可能有助于疏通利率传导渠道,提高货币市场短期利率向债券利率的传导效率<sup>1</sup>。 1月15日,中国人民银行宣布自1月19日起下调各类结构性货币政策工具利率25bps。这种与短期政策利率不同步调整的结构性货币政策工具利率优惠,即“结构性降息”并非首次。首先,2023年末至2024年初,在没有整体降息的情况下,人民银行也曾单独调降多种结构性工具利率。与公开市场操作相比,再贷款的价格可以绕过短期利率传导,直接作用于中长期融资条件,从而影响企业投资和居民耐用品消费。其次,创设新的结构性货币政策工具本身也是一种针对经济特定领域融资的结构性降息。因为中长期的信贷市场价格主要参考贷款市场报价利率(LPR),LPR与政策利率高度同步变化。与之相比,结构性货币政策投放资金的成本显然更低。最后,即便在结构性货币政策工具箱内部,降息的节奏也不完全同步。例如,2025年5月人民银行降息10bps,支农支小等专项工具利率随之调降,开始低于再贴现利率。这种分层的政策利率调控结构,在保持整体利率环境稳定的同时,提高了关键领域边际融资价格的灵活性,也增强了货币政策在多目标约束下的可操作性。 图2:结构性货币政策工具的优惠利率低于贷款市场报价利率(1年期) 资料来源:iFind、中国人民银行及工银国际整理 从量的角度看,结构性货币政策相较于传统总量调控,更契合产业转型升级的政策目标。在新古典框架下,总量货币政策主要通过利率影响资金成本,并经由投资和消费决策作用于总需求,其效果依赖于经济主体的预期与意愿,因而 具有间接性和被动性。这也解释了在低利率环境中政策传导受阻,甚至出现“流动性陷阱”的现实问题。结构性货币政策则通过明确资金用途和投向,将利率条件直接嵌入部门间资源配置过程,在不显著扰动总体利率中枢的情况下,改变不同部门、不同主体的相对融资条件。 2008年全球金融危机后,主要经济体在长期低利率约束下普遍引入此类工具,例如美联储的定期贷款拍卖工具、英格兰银行的融资换贷款计划等。近年来,中国人民银行亦不断强调金融服务对经济结构调整的适配性和精准性。例如,2024年第四季度货币政策执行报告中,特设专栏分析再贷款促进信贷结构优化的作用。目前,人民银行创设了围绕支农支小、碳减排等多种目标以及再贷款、减息支持等多种形式的结构性工具,引导商业银行在市场化约束下调整资产配置结构,在不依赖窗口指导的情况下,推动信贷资源向科技创新、小微企业和绿色转型等领域倾斜。银行体系凭借信用创造功能,掌握着中国主要的金融资源。2025年社会融资增量中,仍有约一半来自银行贷款。因此,经由银行信贷传导的结构性货币政策可以更好发挥银行的区域网络和信息优势,惠及金融体系中处于弱势地位的微观主体。 表 1: 中国人民银行的结构性货币政策工具箱 <table><tr><td>政策目标领域</td><td>政策工具</td><td>创设时间</td><td>利率 (2026年1月调整后)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">科技金融</td><td>科技创新再贷款</td><td>2022年4月</td><td>到期</td></tr><tr><td>科技创新和技术改造再贷款</td><td>2024年4月</td><td>1.25%</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">绿色金融</td><td>碳减排支持工具</td><td>2021年11月</td><td>1.25%</td></tr><tr><td>支持煤炭清洁高效利用专项再贷款</td><td>2021年11月</td><td>到期</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">普惠金融</td><td>支农支小再贷款</td><td>支农、支小再贷款分别创设于1999年和2014年,2025年4月起合并</td><td>1.25%</td></tr><tr><td>普惠小微贷款支持工具</td><td>2021年12月</td><td>1.25%</td></tr><tr><td>普惠小微贷款减息支持工具</td><td>2022年第四季度</td><td>到期</td></tr><tr><td>民营企业债券融资支持工具</td><td>2022年10月</td><td>1.25%</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">养老金融</td><td>普惠养老专项再贷款</td><td>2022年9月</td><td>1.25%</td></tr><tr><td>服务消费与养老再贷款</td><td>2025年5月</td><td>1.25%</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="10">其他国民经济重点领域和薄弱环节</td><td>再贴现</td><td>2008年(转为结构性)</td><td>1.5%</td></tr><tr><td>抵押补充贷款</td><td>2014年</td><td>1.75%</td></tr><tr><td>交通物流专项再贷款</td><td>2022年5月</td><td>到期</td></tr><tr><td>设备更新改造专项再贷款</td><td>2022年9月</td><td>到期</td></tr><tr><td>收费公路贷款支持工具</td><td>2022年第四季度</td><td>到期</td></tr><tr><td>保交楼贷款支持计划</td><td>2022年12月</td><td>到期</td></tr><tr><td>房企纾困专项再贷款</td><td>2023年1月</td><td>到期</td></tr><tr><td>保障性住房再贷款</td><td>2024年6月</td><td>1.25%</td></tr><tr><td>证券、基金、保险公司互换便利</td><td>2024年10月</td><td>1.25%</td></tr><tr><td>股票回购增持再贷款</td><td>2024年10月</td><td>1.25%</td></tr></table> 资料来源:中国人民银行及工银国际整理 从作用机理看,结构性货币政策之所以重要且有效,是因为目标部门普遍存在显著的正外部性。科技创新和绿色转型伴随知识扩散和环境改善收益,小微企业对就业和社会稳定具有溢出效应,农业则具有准公共品属性。这些社会回报难以完全内生于个体决策,导致市场条件下融资供给长期不足。因此,结构性工具不仅在短期内有助于稳定信贷供给,更可以通过“定向降低融资成本——改善银行风险收益权衡——引导信贷再配置”优化中长期的资源配置效率,为产业升级与经济稳定提供兼具针对性与可持续性的政策支点<sup>2</sup>。在科技金融、绿色金融、普惠金融等领域,人民银行结构性政策的效果已经得到了文献的实证检验<sup>3</sup>。但是,随着工具使用的常态化,其边际效果可能逐步下降,长期来看,经济结构 转型仍有赖于财政政策和产业政策的配合<sup>4</sup>。尤其是当银行与企业资产负债表受损时,企业信用资质偏弱、银行风险偏好下降,央行投放的定向流动性难以通过信用创造充分向下传导<sup>5</sup>。由此,结构性货币政策更适合承担调结构、稳信用的功能。 展望2026年的结构性货币政策,服务消费与养老再贷款扩容有望促消费,但规模有限。当前,货币政策受到央行层面汇率约束、银行层面息差压缩以及微观个体层面意愿不足的三重限制。在此背景下,通过缓解小微企业融资约束、支持科技创新和绿色转型等正外部性领域,结构性调控有助于稳定就业与收入预期,并为消费和投资修复夯实微观基础。1月15日,除结构性降息之外,人民银行还增加支农支小再贷款额度5000亿元,增加科技创新和技术改造再贷款额度4000亿元,并扩大了相关支持范围。在2026年货币政策以促进物价合理回升为重要考量的背景下,对于结构性货币政策,2025年创设的新工具——服务消费与养老再贷款有望进一步扩容。人民银行表示待认定标准成熟后,将适时把健康产业纳入服务消费与养老再贷款的支持领域。随着货币政策引导金融机构将资源更多投向住宿餐饮、文旅体育娱乐、养老托育、家政服务等高民生关联行业,金融支持在惠民生、促消费方面的作用有望进一步显现。但是,结构性工具的体量总归有限。2025年三季度末,结构性货币政策工具余额约5万亿元,占基础货币比重约 $13\%$ ,仅占金融机构人民币贷款余额的 $1.85\%$ 。因此,对于核心的物价问题,结构性货币政策仍难以在短期内推升价格中枢,更多体现为中长期的间接支撑。 图3:结构性货币政策各项工具的季末余额 资料来源:中国人民银行及工银国际整理 注:2024年四季度起,中国人民银行不再公布各类结构性工具的明细余额,上图仅列示总余额,其中2025年二季度数据为估算。 总量货币政策仍不可替代,2026年预计有50bps降准空间和10-20bps降息空间。作为以价格信号为核心的宏观调控工具,总量政策可以同时作用于银行资金供给和微观主体融资需求,更适合承担稳定通胀预期和修复总需求的职责。从操作取向看,开年之际的结构性调整一定程度上说明,2026年的政策宽松更可能体现为温和、分阶段推进。在工具运用上,数量型工具或将相对靠前,通 过降准等方式维持流动性合理充裕,为结构性政策发挥效力创造环境。目前金融机构平均存款准备金率约为 $6.3\%$ ,预计仍有50bps左右下调空间。价格型工具运用相对审慎,降息空间虽客观存在,但更可能采取小幅、渐进的推进方式,并根据政策传导效果进行动态评估。7天期逆回购利率当前已处于 $1.4\%$ 的历史低位,但仍具备10-20bps的适度调整余地。央行层面,人民币温和升值的市场预期为投放流动性提供了一定空间。银行层面,2025年以来净息差已出现企稳迹象,连续两个季度维持在 $1.42\%$ ,且2026年将有规模较大的三年期、五年期存款集中到期并重定价,为利率调整释放一定空间。微观层面,2026年新一轮“两新”政策延续对扩大内需的支撑作用,商业综合体、购物中心等线下消费基础设施的设备更新纳入支持范围,重点消费品得补率进一步提升,有助于增强企业和居民的信心,进而提升货币政策的传导效率。 # 重要披露 # 工银国际的股票评级 超越基准:预期未来12个月内股票总回报(包括股息)超越相应市场基准指数 $20\%$ 以上 中性:预期未来12个月内股票总回报(包括股息)对比相应市场基准指数在-20%至20%以内 落后基准:预期未来12个月内股票总回报(包括股息)落后相应市场基准指数 $20\%$ 以上 暂无评级:分析师目前对于预期未来12个月内股票总回报(包括股息)对比相应市场基准指数的变化幅度无法给出确信的判断 # 工银国际是中国工商银行的全资子公司 # 如有需要,可向工银国际索取进一步资料。 本报告所载的意见纯粹是分析员对有关证券或发行人的个人看法;彼以往、现在或未来并无就其研究报告所提供的特别建议或所表达的意见直接或间接收取任何报酬。 # 工银国际证券有限公司 地址:香港中环花园道3号中国工商银行大厦37楼电话:(852)26833888传真:(852)26833900 # 一般披露 主要负责撰写本研究报告全部或部份内容的分析师在此声明:(i)本研究报告的任何观点均精准地反映了上述(每位)分析师个人对目标证券和发行人的看法;及(ii)该分析师所得报酬的任何组成部分无论是在过去、现在及将来均不会直接或间接地与研究报告所表述的具体观点相联系。 本研究报告所载资料由工银国际证券有限公司编制和发表。 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