2015-06-27-世界卫生组织-Report_on_Vulnerability_and_Adaptation_Assessment_of_Climate_Change_Impacts_on_Human_Health_and_Water_Sector_in_Tanzania_13页_273kb

REPORT ON A VULNERABILITY AND ADAPTATION ASSESSMENT OF CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTH AND WATER SECTOR IN TANZANIA
Alfred N N. Muzuka, Emanuel Mpolya, et al.
June 2015

Executive Summary
This report assessed the vulnerability and adaptation to climate change impacts on Tanzania's health and water sectors. Key findings include:

• Health Sector:
  • Climate change exacerbates diseases like cholera (linked to El Niño events), malaria (higher in adults than children under five), malnutrition, and vector-borne diseases like schistosomiasis.
  • Health data for long-term trends is limited, especially at district levels.
  • Human resource shortages persist across regions, with deficits in medical officers and pharmacists.
• Water Sector:
  • Climate change reduces rainfall and water availability, with projections of 6–10% runoff decreases in key river basins (e.g. Pangani, Wami-Ruvu).
  • WASH services remain inadequate in rural areas (46.5% of rural population lacks access). Inspection data shows poor maintenance and gaps in monitoring.
• Data Limitations:
  Inadequate meteorological data and river flow records hinder accurate vulnerability and adaptation planning.
  Conclusions
• Strengthen climate resilience in health and water sectors through policy integration, better data collection, human resource training, and regional adaptation strategies.
• Imbalance in climate change policies (limited budgets, geographic disparities) requires reform.

Methodology

• Data Sources: Meteorological (30-year rainfall/temperature trends), hydrological (river flows), health (HMIS data from districts), socioeconomic surveys, and policy reviews.
• Sites: Four climatic zones (e.g. coastal, highland, arid). Climate-resilient water safety plans were tested in pilot areas.
• Tools: Time-series analysis, vulnerability assessment metrics linking climatic factors with disease patterns.

Findings

• Climatic Change Trends:
  • Increasing temperatures and decreasing rainfall projected in many regions, with El Niño/La Niña amplifying extremes (floods, droughts).
  • Diseases (*e.g. malaria, cholera, schistosomiasis) exhibit clear sensitivity to meteorological shifts.
• Sector-Specific Vulnerability:
  • Water Sector: Reduced runoff and river discharges projected; groundwater over-extraction in semi-arid regions.
  • Health Sector: High child malnutrition rates in regions with erratic rainfall (e.g. Mara, Shinyanga). Health sector weak capacity to utilize climate data during planning.

Policy and Recommendations

• Policy Integration: Create a unified national climate adaptation strategy for health and water sectors.
• Data Action: Expand monitoring networks for hydrological, meteorological, and health data.
• Capacity Building: Train health professionals and enhance WASH program implementation, particularly in climate-informed hygiene strategies.
• Resource Allocation: Target funding to regional vulnerabilities and human resource deficits in secondary regions (e.g. Geita, Simiyu).