2023-01-14-亚开行-亚洲社会保护指标_跟踪社会保护的发展（英）_186页_1mb

Summary of The Social Protection Indicator for Asia (December 2022)

Core Content

The Social Protection Indicator for Asia is a report by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) that tracks developments in social protection across 26 Asian countries. It provides an assessment of social protection expenditure, coverage, and the impact of social protection programs on poverty, gender, and disability. The report is based on data from 2018 and includes historical trends from 2009 to 2018. It also examines the response to the COVID-19 pandemic and outlines the future direction of social protection in the region.

Main Viewpoints

• Social Protection Expenditure: The average social protection expenditure per intended beneficiary (SPI) in Asia was 4.0% of GDP per capita in 2018, up from 3.3% in 2009. The overall social protection expenditure amounted to 5.2% of GDP.
• Social Insurance Dominates: Social insurance accounted for the largest share of social protection expenditure, with an average SPI of 3.0 (3.9% of GDP). Pensions and health insurance were the main components.
• Coverage Gaps Remain: While coverage expanded, especially in health and pension programs, many countries still have significant gaps, particularly in social assistance.
• Impact of COVID-19: The pandemic highlighted the importance of social protection in responding to large shocks and underscored the need for more inclusive and resilient systems.
• Data Importance: Robust and comparable data are essential for monitoring and improving social protection systems, but data collection and compilation in the region face challenges.

Key Information

I. Overview and Methodology

• The Social Protection Indicator (SPI) is a tool developed by ADB in 2005 to monitor and assess social protection developments at the national and regional levels.
• The report includes data from 26 countries in Asia and is the fourth in the series of SPI publications.
• The SPI evaluates the level of resources, benefit value, coverage, and distribution of social protection expenditures based on poverty, gender, and disability.

II. Social Protection Results for Asia, 2018

• Social Protection Expenditures: The average SPI was 4.0% of GDP per capita, with Japan at 11.7% and Lao PDR at 0.9%.
• Programs and Beneficiaries: Social insurance, social assistance, and labor market programs (LMPs) were the main categories. Pensions and health insurance were the largest components.
• Trends: From 2009 to 2018, social insurance SPI increased from 2.3 to 3.1, while social assistance SPI rose from 1.4 to 1.8.

III. Trends in the Social Protection Indicator, 2009-2018

• Overall Progress: The SPI increased in most countries, driven by the expansion of social insurance and social assistance.
• Income Group Progress: High-income countries showed more significant progress in increasing SPI compared to low-income countries.
• Category Progress: Social insurance had the highest share of benefits and the widest coverage, while social assistance had lower depth but expanding breadth.

IV. Depth of Benefits and Breadth of Coverage

• Depth and Breadth: Depth refers to the value of benefits, while breadth refers to the proportion of the population covered.
• Trends: Depth of benefits increased in high-income countries, while breadth of coverage expanded across all income groups.

V. Poverty, Gender, and Disability Dimensions

• Poverty: Social protection spending was higher in countries with larger populations aged 60 and over.
• Gender: Women are less likely to be covered by social insurance due to their higher presence in the informal sector and lower income.
• Disability: The report introduces an assessment of social protection for people with disabilities for the first time. Average spending for disability programs increased from 2009 to 2018.

VI. Social Protection and COVID-19 in Asia

• Crisis Response: Governments implemented new social protection programs and expanded existing ones in response to the pandemic.
• Innovations: Digital technologies and rapid coverage expansion were key innovations.
• Impact: Social protection measures helped reduce poverty and vulnerability, as seen in Mongolia and Indonesia.
• Policy Lessons: There is a need to invest in inclusive systems and human capital to build resilience against future shocks.

VII. Social Protection Data and Statistics

• Data Importance: Accurate and consistent data are critical for monitoring progress in social protection.
• Availability: Data availability varies across countries and is a challenge for effective monitoring.
• Future Directions: Improving data production and compilation is essential for better policy-making.

VIII. Addressing Disability through Social Protection

• Challenges: Identifying people with disabilities and measuring prevalence remains a challenge.
• Programs: Several countries introduced disability-specific policies and programs.
• Impact: Disability-focused social protection has increased in some countries, but more needs to be done to ensure inclusivity.

IX. Anticipating the Future of Social Protection in Asia

• Inclusivity: The need to expand coverage to vulnerable groups, including people with disabilities.
• Integration: Social protection should be integrated with social and infrastructure services.
• Green Transition: Strengthening the social dimension of the transition to green and sustainable livelihoods.
• Digital Technologies: Utilizing inclusive digital technologies to enhance service delivery.
• Monitoring and Evidence: Developing better monitoring, data collection, and evidence for more effective social protection systems.

Key Findings

• Social Insurance Expansion: Social insurance coverage expanded significantly, especially in health and pension programs.
• Gender Disparities: Women are more vulnerable to social insurance exclusion due to informal employment and lower income.
• Disability Inclusion: The report marks the first time that disability-specific social protection spending is assessed.
• SPI Trends: The SPI increased from 3.3% in 2009 to 4.1% in 2018, but most countries did not outpace GDP growth.
• Policy Recommendations: Governments need to increase investment in social protection, improve data collection, and develop inclusive and shock-responsive systems.

Conclusion

The report emphasizes the importance of social protection in reducing poverty, inequality, and social exclusion in Asia. It highlights the need for continued investment, improved data systems, and the development of inclusive and comprehensive social protection frameworks. The impact of the pandemic has reinforced the role of social protection in crisis response and the urgency of building resilient systems.