enisa-工业4.0网络安全：挑战与建议（英文）-2019.10-13页_1mb

Summary of ENISA Report: Industry 4.0 Cybersecurity - Challenges & Recommendations

Core Content

This document presents the findings of a gap analysis conducted by ENISA on the cybersecurity challenges and recommendations for the adoption of secure practices in the context of Industry 4.0 and Smart Manufacturing. It outlines key issues related to people, processes, and technologies, and provides high-level recommendations to various stakeholder groups to promote a secure and sustainable Industry 4.0 environment.

Main Challenges

1. Need to Foster and Align IT/OT Security Expertise and Awareness

• Lack of expertise and awareness in cybersecurity among personnel involved in deploying Industry 4.0 solutions.
• Industry 4.0 requires knowledge in IT and OT security, network security, embedded systems, and secure integration with legacy systems.
• Current training programs are limited, expensive, and not tailored to industry-specific needs.

2. Incomplete Organisational Policies and Reluctance to Fund Security

• Many organisations lack comprehensive security governance structures and clear roles for cybersecurity.
• Cybersecurity is not traditionally seen as a business opportunity but rather as a cost, leading to insufficient investment.
• Legal and regulatory frameworks are not well-aligned with the unique needs of Industry 4.0.

3. Fragmentation of Industry 4.0 Security Technical Standards

• There is a lack of harmonized standards and guidelines for Industry 4.0 security, despite existing efforts in IoT and related sectors.
• Diverse and overlapping standards create confusion and hinder widespread adoption.
• Cross-mapping of standards is needed to ensure consistency and clarity across the ecosystem.

4. Supply Chain Management Complexity

• Supply chains are complex, dynamic, and interdependent, increasing the risk of security incidents.
• The lack of a unified approach to managing security across the supply chain leads to inconsistencies and trust issues.
• Scalability and trustworthiness of suppliers are critical factors in ensuring secure supply chain operations.

5. Interoperability of Industry 4.0 Devices, Platforms, and Frameworks

• Interoperability challenges arise due to the integration of diverse devices and platforms with different communication protocols.
• Proprietary protocols may not be secure, and the absence of a common security framework makes integration and security management difficult.
• Ensuring security interoperability across the entire supply chain is a major challenge.

Key Recommendations

For People

• Promote Cross-Functional Knowledge on IT and OT Security
  • Encourage knowledge exchange between IT and OT experts.
  • Launch security education and training programs tailored for Industry 4.0.
  • Develop competency profiles for all staff.
  • Introduce cybersecurity and safety induction courses for IT and OT personnel.
  • Establish programs in schools and universities to build a skilled workforce in cybersecurity for Industry 4.0.

For Processes

• Clarify Liability Among Industry 4.0 Actors

  • Address liability issues within European and national legislation.
  • Adjust procurement language to include cybersecurity requirements in contracts and SLAs.
  • Explore the potential of cyber-insurance policies.
  • Raise awareness among end users about their rights in liability legislation.
  • Specify legal obligations of Industry 4.0 operators.

• Secure Supply Chain Management Processes

  • Conduct regular risk assessments for supply chain security.
  • Define and periodically review the amount of trust placed on suppliers.
  • Use cyber threat intelligence to monitor the evolving threat landscape.
  • Prioritize suppliers that comply with recognized security standards.
  • Implement trust models rather than relying solely on technical controls.
  • Ensure secure software development lifecycle for Industry 4.0 products and services.

For Technologies

• Establish Industry 4.0 Baselines for Security Interoperability
  • Encourage the use of interoperability frameworks that promote a common security language.
  • Identify specific security levels between cooperation partners and companies.
  • Promote open and accessible interoperability laboratories and testbeds for security.

Stakeholder Groups

• Industry 4.0 Security Experts (OT and IT Security)
• Industry 4.0 Operators (Solution Providers & Manufacturers)
• Regulators
• Standardisation Community
• Academia and R&D Bodies

Conclusion

ENISA emphasizes the importance of a holistic approach to cybersecurity in Industry 4.0, focusing on the interplay between people, processes, and technologies. The recommendations aim to foster awareness, align policies, harmonize standards, and secure supply chains, ultimately supporting the secure and widespread adoption of Industry 4.0 innovations.