2010年-世界发展银行全球_A_Decade_of_the_Total_Sanitation_Campaign___Rapid_Assessment_of_Processes_and_Outcomes_Volume_2_Annexes_88页_2mb

A Decade of the Total Sanitation Campaign: Rapid Assessment of Processes and Outcomes

Core Content

The document provides a comprehensive overview of the Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC), which was implemented over a decade with the goal of achieving Open Defecation Free (ODF) communities and improving overall sanitation. It includes benchmarking data of states and districts, financial allocations, and achievements in various sanitation-related sectors, including household, school, and pre-school sanitation.

Main Goals and Objectives

• Achieve 100% ODF communities.
• Promote improved hygiene behaviors.
• Improve solid and liquid waste management.
• Reach universal coverage of individual household latrines (IHHL) and sanitation facilities in schools and pre-schools (Anganwadi centers).

Key Components of the TSC

• Nirmal Gram Puraskar (NGP): A recognition programme for achieving total sanitation at the village level, awarded by the President of India.
• Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA): A method to assess local conditions and involve communities in the planning and implementation of sanitation initiatives.
• Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS): An approach that empowers communities to take ownership of sanitation improvements.
• Information, Education, and Communication (IEC): Activities aimed at promoting sanitation awareness through media, community sessions, and capacity-building.
• Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E): A systematic process to track progress and performance across states and districts.
• District Level Monitoring (DLM): A mechanism to monitor sanitation progress at the district level.

Main Findings and Key Points

State-Level Performance Benchmarking

• Kerala and Maharashtra are among the top-performing states with high scores in sanitation coverage and financial efficiency.
• Kerala has the highest percentage of NGP-awarded Gram Panchayats (96%) and the highest success rate in NGP TII (100%).
• Maharashtra shows a high success rate in school sanitation (94%) and moderate in IHHL coverage (60%).
• West Bengal has a moderate score in various categories, including IHHL (73%) and school sanitation (51%).
• Haryana and Tamil Nadu have shown consistent performance in IHHL and school sanitation, with Haryana leading in IHHL (96%) and Tamil Nadu in school sanitation (94%).
• Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and Uttarakhand have lower performance scores, indicating the need for more focus and investment.

District-Level Performance Benchmarking

• Karnataka leads in district-level performance with districts like Mangalore and Udupi scoring high.
• Sikkim and Tamil Nadu have several districts with a grand score of 70.
• Haryana and Maharashtra have multiple districts with scores below 70, indicating lower performance.
• Kerala has several districts with scores of 80 and above, showing strong performance.
• Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh have a mix of high and low-scoring districts.

Financial Allocation and Expenditure

• TSC Budget: Varies significantly across states, with Kerala having the highest budget (INR 21,512 lakh) and Goa having the lowest (INR 3,318 lakh).
• TSC Expenditure: The majority of states spent less than 70% of their allocated budget, with Kerala spending 71% and Maharashtra spending 42%.
• Per Capita District Budget: Kerala has the highest per capita budget, while Goa has the lowest.
• Software Budget: Kerala and Maharashtra show higher software expenditure, with Kerala at 10% and Maharashtra at 10%.
• Hardware Budget: Kerala and Maharashtra have the highest hardware budget per district.

Sanitation Coverage

• IHHL Coverage: Kerala achieved 101% coverage, surpassing its target, while Bihar and Jharkhand have lower coverage (19% and 32%, respectively).
• School Sanitation Coverage: Tamil Nadu and Madhya Pradesh have high coverage (94% and 95%, respectively), while Bihar and Jharkhand lag behind.
• Anganwadi Sanitation Coverage: Mizoram and Tamil Nadu show high coverage, with Mizoram achieving 100%.
• RSM/PC Coverage: Kerala and Tamil Nadu have the highest coverage (100% and 100%, respectively).
• SLWM Activities: Kerala and Maharashtra have higher SLWM activity coverage, while Bihar and Jharkhand have the lowest.

Summary of Performance

• High performers include Kerala, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu, which have made significant progress in achieving sanitation goals.
• Low performers include Bihar, Jharkhand, and several districts in these states, indicating a need for more targeted interventions.
• The NGP has been effective in motivating local governments to achieve sanitation goals, with high success rates in some states.
• Financial efficiency varies, with Kerala and Maharashtra showing better performance in utilizing allocated funds.
• IEC activities are essential for promoting hygiene and sanitation behaviors, with higher investment in states like Kerala and Maharashtra.

Key Recommendations

• Increase financial allocation and expenditure in low-performing states.
• Focus on improving IEC activities to enhance community awareness and participation.
• Strengthen the implementation of CLTS and PRA to ensure community ownership.
• Monitor and evaluate progress more closely to identify and address gaps.
• Promote successful models from high-performing states to other regions.