世界银行-诊断安哥拉不景气的洗漱行业：紧急行动呼吁（英文）-2021.5-250页_29mb

Summary of "Diagnosing Angola's Ailing WASH Sector: An Urgent Call to Action - Diagnostic Report"

Core Content

This diagnostic report, authored by Camilo Lombana Cordoba, Luis A. Andres, Lucrécio A. M. da Costa, and Crystal Fenwick, evaluates the state of Angola's Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) sector. It highlights the urgent need for reform and improvement in service delivery, particularly in the context of achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The report is supported by the Global Water Security & Sanitation Partnership (GWSP) and provides a comprehensive analysis of access, governance, public expenditure, and institutional frameworks.

Main Findings

Access to WASH Services

• Water: 66% of the population has access to an improved drinking water source, but this rate has only increased by 4% since 2000.
• Sanitation: 70% of the population has access to an improved sanitation facility, yet 6 million people still practice open defecation.
• Hygiene: Only 42% of Angolans have access to a handwashing facility, which is below the Sub-Saharan African average of 59%.
• Child Health: Limited access to WASH services significantly affects childhood health, with over one-third of children under five being stunted, 5% wasted, and 19% underweight. Diarrheal diseases are the leading cause of mortality among children under five.

Socioeconomic Disparities

• Wealth Quintiles: The poorest 40% (B40) and 20% (B20) of the population face greater challenges in accessing WASH services. They are more likely to rely on surface water and practice open defecation.
• Gender and Education: Women and those with lower educational attainment are disproportionately affected, with greater water collection responsibilities and lower access to hygiene facilities.
• Urban vs. Rural: Urban areas have better access to WASH services than rural areas, with disparities exacerbated by population growth and migration.

Public Expenditure

• Budget Execution: Only 36% of the annual WASH sector budget is executed on average, and current spending levels are less than 25% of what is needed to achieve SDGs.
• Central vs. Provincial: The central government allocates more funds to WASH, but provincial governments face challenges in executing these budgets efficiently.
• Comparison with Peers: Angola's public expenditure on WASH is significantly lower than that of comparable Sub-Saharan African economies, indicating a gap in investment and implementation.

Key Messages

1. Population Growth and Migration: Recent population growth and urban migration have slowed progress and increased disparities in WASH access.
2. Data Limitations: Limited data and poor targeting have hindered efforts to improve WASH access, particularly in measuring "safely managed" services.
3. Poverty and Inequality: Poor households are more likely to practice open defecation and lack access to basic hygiene facilities. Structural inequalities limit WASH access and affect health outcomes.
4. Institutional Weaknesses: A centralized governance structure and weak institutional capacity significantly constrain progress in the WASH sector.
5. Tariff and Subsidy Frameworks: The tariff-setting framework is poorly implemented, and subsidies have not effectively improved service delivery or efficiency.
6. Need for Reform: To achieve SDG targets, the government must accelerate reform, improve institutional capacity, and increase public investment in WASH services, especially in the sanitation and hygiene subsectors.

Recommendations

• Accelerate Institutional Reforms: Strengthen the legal and policy frameworks to support sustainable WASH service delivery.
• Improve Data Collection and Harmonization: Enhance data collection and ensure it is harmonized across surveys to better target interventions.
• Increase Public Investment: Raise the level of public expenditure on WASH to meet SDG requirements, with a focus on improving efficiency and coverage in underserved areas.
• Promote Cross-Sectoral Collaboration: Encourage collaboration between sectors to address the complex links between WASH and human development.
• Support Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): Explore opportunities for PPPs to enhance service delivery and operational efficiency in provincial utilities.
• Enhance Governance and Management: Improve governance structures and management practices to ensure effective service delivery and accountability.

Conclusion

The report underscores the critical role of WASH in human capital development and economic growth. Despite some progress, Angola's WASH sector remains underdeveloped, with significant gaps in access, service delivery, and institutional capacity. Addressing these challenges requires a multifaceted approach involving policy reform, increased investment, improved data, and stronger governance mechanisms. The Government of Angola is urged to take decisive action to ensure the WASH sector can meet the SDGs and support the country's long-term development goals.