2016年-世界发展银行全球_Sustaining_the_Success_of_the_Systematic_Land_Tenure_Registration_in_Rwanda_6页_969kb

Summary of Sustaining the Success of Systematic Land Tenure Registration in Rwanda

Core Content

The systematic Land Tenure Registration (LTR) program in Rwanda, initiated in 2010, has significantly advanced land administration and tenure security. The program utilized aerial photography and satellite imagery to demarcate 11.4 million out of an estimated 11.5 million land parcels at a cost of less than USD 6 per parcel. This initiative has had notable positive impacts on land access, especially for women, and has laid the groundwork for increased agricultural investment.

Main Views and Key Information

Land Registration Achievements

• Land Parcels Registered: 11,420,885 parcels were registered, with the majority (64%) in agricultural use, 12% residential, 34% in Kigali, 8% in forest, 1.5% commercial, and 0.3% administrative.
• Ownership Structure: 80% of parcels are registered under natural persons, 16% are not yet registered, and 4% are registered under legal persons.
• Gender Inclusion: 86% of parcels owned by natural persons have a woman as sole or co-owner, reflecting a gender-sensitive approach.

Transaction Frequency and Registration

• Transaction Types: Sales, gifts, and inheritances are the main types of ownership changes.
• Transaction Rates: For residential land, 1.69% of parcels had ownership changes in 2014/2015, while for agricultural land, the rate was 0.16%.
• Regional Variability: Kigali had significantly higher transaction rates (11.3% for residential, 3.07% for agricultural) compared to other regions.
• Mortgage Activity: As of January 1, 2016, US$ 2.6 billion in mortgage lending had been registered, with 65% secured against residential land.

Measures to Ensure Sustainability

• Fee Adjustments: A flat fee of RwF 27,000 (about USD 40) was introduced, but concerns about its regressivity prompted a review in 2015. Recommendations included waiving stamp duty and reducing fees for rural parcels.
• Land Weeks Campaigns: Two national awareness campaigns were conducted to educate the public on land registration procedures and the importance of formal land transactions.
• Sector Land Managers (SLMs): SLMs were deployed to improve access and provide local support, with 367 of 416 sectors having SLMs by the end of 2015.

Impact of Measures on Registration

• SLMs: The presence of SLMs significantly increased the number of registered transactions, with an estimated 64% and 117% increase in registration for residential and agricultural land, respectively.
• Distance to DLO: A greater distance to the District Land Office (DLO) negatively impacted registration, especially for non-monetary transfers.
• Awareness Campaigns: While awareness campaigns contributed to increased registration, their localized impact was limited.

Informal Transactions and Drivers

• Informality Levels: 53% of newly acquired parcels were not officially registered, with the highest rates in the East.
• Reasons for Non-Registration: Lack of information (21%), high fees (13%), and lack of interest (13%) were the main reasons.
• Registration Fees as a Share of Value: In rural areas, the effective registration fee was close to 25% of the median property value, which is a significant barrier.

Willingness to Pay for Registration

• WTP Estimates: On average, households were willing to pay RWF 4,500 (about 20% of the official fee) for registration, with a median of RWF 1,000.
• Determinants of WTP: Larger land parcels and the presence of SLMs increased willingness to pay, while government-allocated land had lower WTP.
• Distance and Costs: Households located farther from DLOs were less willing to pay, possibly due to higher transport costs.

Conclusion

The LTR program has successfully improved land tenure security and formalized land markets in Rwanda, especially for residential land. However, sustaining and expanding these benefits requires addressing registration fees, increasing awareness, and improving access to land services. The data underscores the importance of equitable fee structures and localized management to ensure continued participation and formality in land transactions.