2013年-世界发展银行全球_Land_Value_Capture_in_Urban_DRM_Programs_20页_1mb

EAP DRM KnowledgeNotes: Land Value Capture in Urban DRM Programs

Core Content

This working paper explores the role of Land Value Capture (LVC) tools, specifically Land Readjustment (LR) and Transfer of Development Rights (TDR), in enhancing Disaster Risk Management (DRM) through risk-sensitive land use planning in the East Asia and the Pacific (EAP) region. It highlights how these tools can be used to finance and implement DRM strategies by leveraging the increase in land value resulting from risk mitigation and post-disaster reconstruction.

Main Points

Risk-Sensitive Land Use Planning

• Risk-sensitive land use planning is essential for sustainable economic development and effective DRM.
• It aims to guide development away from hazardous zones and towards safer areas.
• Many EAP countries have national land use policies that include risk assessments, but often lack implementation mechanisms and capacity for strategic land management.

Land Value Capture (LVC) Tools

• LVC tools are based on the idea that land development increases its value, which can be captured to leverage private investment and finance urban projects.
• These tools help equitably distribute public benefits and accommodate informal residents and renters.
• They are particularly useful in post-disaster reconstruction and hazard mitigation.

Key Benefits of LVC Tools

• Avoid public opposition by compensating landowners.
• Increase supply of serviced urban land and housing.
• Minimize public finance by involving private investment.
• Equitably distribute public amenities.
• Provide politically acceptable tools for DRM implementation.

Key Challenges of LVC Tools

• Finance for public projects is often limited.
• Community opposition can arise from a lack of understanding or perceived benefits.
• Delays in implementation and bureaucratic procedures can hinder progress.
• Insufficient community engagement and inadequate land records complicate the process.

LVC Tools: Land Readjustment (LR) and Transfer of Development Rights (TDR)

Land Readjustment (LR)

• Definition: LR involves pooling land for public amenities and redistributing land to improve urban planning and development.
• Applications: Includes post-disaster reconstruction, slum upgrading, infrastructure development, and zoning optimization.
• Implementation: Requires community consent, voluntary or mandatory cooperation, and accurate land records.
• Case Study: Japan
  • Objective: To reconstruct and redevelop areas affected by the 1995 Hanshin-Awaji earthquake.
  • Actions: Implemented voluntary LR projects, replaced single-family homes with high-rise buildings, and included co-housing for tenants and small landowners.
  • Results: Increased open space and seismic resilience, but relocation was not fully achieved.
  • Lessons: Success is due to integration with master plans, community-based planning, and use of eminent domain. Challenges include long timelines, limited community engagement, and bureaucratic delays.

Transfer of Development Rights (TDR)

• Definition: TDR allows transfer of development rights from hazard-prone areas (sending zones) to safe areas (receiving zones).

• Applications: Used to guide development towards safe zones, reduce density in sensitive areas, and preserve environmental and cultural amenities.

• Implementation: Requires complex program design, clear designation of sending and receiving zones, and market-based incentives.

• Case Study: USA

  • Objective: To manage urban growth and protect sensitive ecosystems.
  • Actions: TDR was used in New Jersey and Florida to redevelop coastal areas and preserve land from development.
  • Results: Preserved over 49,000 acres of land and reduced public expenditure.
  • Lessons: TDR reduces public spending, but faces challenges in implementation due to market fluctuations, complex design, and competition with other municipal programs.

• Case Study: India (Mumbai)

  • Objective: To finance infrastructure, slum redevelopment, and heritage preservation.
  • Actions: TDR was integrated into zoning regulations and used in slum redevelopment.
  • Results: TDR was used to finance development and incentivize private investment, but market saturation reduced its financial viability.
  • Lessons: Community organizations are key in explaining benefits, and 70% consent from slum residents is mandatory. TDR is sensitive to the needs of informal residents and renters.

Conclusion

• LR and TDR are effective LVC tools for risk-sensitive land use planning.
• LR is particularly useful in post-disaster reconstruction and reducing vulnerability.
• TDR helps direct development to safe zones and preserve land in hazard-prone areas.
• Successful implementation requires community engagement, updated land records, clear legislation, and adequate financial mechanisms.
• Capacity building for strategic land management is crucial for the effective use of these tools in DRM programs.