2013年-世界发展银行全球_Greek_Logistics___Unlocking_Growth_Potential_through_Regulatory_Reform_and_Complementary_Measures_96页_2mb

Summary of Greek Logistics Report

Core Content

This report, published by the World Bank in November 2013, evaluates the logistics environment in Greece and provides policy recommendations to enhance its competitiveness and support economic recovery. It highlights the importance of logistics in driving exports, improving GDP growth, and reducing domestic economic fragmentation.

Main Views and Key Information

1. Importance of Logistics to Economic Recovery

• Exports as a Growth Driver: Exports are expected to play a crucial role in Greece's economic recovery, especially in 2014.
• Logistics as a Catalyst: Efficient logistics can reduce import/export costs, boost GDP as a service sector, and improve economies of scale and productivity.
• Greece's Strategic Position: Greece is well-located geographically, with Piraeus Port serving as a key trans-shipment hub. The country has potential to become a regional gateway to Southeast and Central Europe.

2. Current Performance and Challenges

• Poor Logistics Performance: Greece ranks low in logistics performance compared to other European countries and even below countries with similar per capita income (Figure 1.7 and 1.8).
• High Trade Costs: Greece has higher trade costs than its regional peers, including Turkey, Romania, and Bulgaria (Figure 1.6).
• Fragmented Supply Chains: Greece's logistics network is fragmented, making it difficult for SMEs to access international markets.
• Weak Infrastructure and Procedures: The country's logistics performance is hindered by poor transport infrastructure, inefficient customs procedures, and complex regulatory frameworks.

3. Transport Industries

• Road Transport: Dominated by own-account trucks; administrative restrictions are a major obstacle.
• Rail Transport: Underdeveloped and not integrated into the EU network; potential for growth exists, especially with the development of Corridor X.
• Ferry Shipping: Declining due to competition and inefficiencies (Figure 2.4).
• Ports: Piraeus and Thessaloniki have potential to become gateway ports, but need better connectivity with rail and improved infrastructure.

4. Logistics Services

• Third-Party Logistics (3PLs): Limited development and need for policy support to encourage growth.
• Warehousing: Complex and costly licensing procedures; need for simplification and alignment with EU standards.
• Logistics Zones: Opportunities exist for developing organized logistics parks to improve efficiency.

5. Trade Facilitation and Customs Issues

• Customs Administration: Needs reform to reduce delays and costs.
• TIR Carnets: Greece has seen a drastic decline in TIR Carnet usage, indicating inefficiencies in international transit.

6. Recommendations

Institutional Reforms

• National Logistics Strategy: Develop a comprehensive strategy that includes a results-oriented dialogue between public and private sectors.
• Simplify Procedures: Reduce administrative burdens and align regulations with EU practices.
• Enhance Coordination: Improve coordination between agencies and ensure transparency through a monitoring and evaluation framework.
• Training and Certification: Establish a consistent and coherent system to promote professionalism.

Transport Sector Improvements

• Road Transport: Streamline licensing and reduce restrictions on truck operations.
• Rail Transport: Accelerate the electrification of main lines, privatize TRAINOSE, and invest in Corridor X.
• Ferry Shipping: Improve reliability and competitiveness of ferry services.
• Ports: Enhance port infrastructure and integrate with rail networks to support regional trade.

Logistics Industry Development

• Licensing Simplification: Streamline warehouse and logistics service licensing.
• Investment in Modern Facilities: Encourage investment in logistics infrastructure and services.
• Regulatory Alignment: Update fire safety and other regulations to match European standards.
• Promote Outsourcing: Encourage the use of outsourced logistics services to increase efficiency.

International Trade Facilitation

• Customs Streamlining: Continue to streamline customs and fiscal procedures to support international trade.

Conclusion

To improve its logistics performance and support economic recovery, Greece needs to implement both major structural reforms and smaller, micro-level initiatives. These include developing a national logistics strategy, simplifying regulations, improving infrastructure, and enhancing coordination between public and private sectors. The report emphasizes the importance of institutionalizing a flexible and effective mechanism for executing logistics reforms, even across changes in government.

Appendices Overview

• Appendix 1: Details the role of the Logistics Permanent Committee and its collaboration with the World Bank.
• Appendix 2: Provides a tentative structure for a National Logistics Master Plan and examples of similar strategies in other countries.
• Appendix 3: Describes roadside enforcement in Greece, highlighting issues with consistency and effectiveness.
• Appendix 4: Offers a brief overview of Greece's road infrastructure, including its position within the European transport network.

Key Figures and Tables

• Figure 1.1: Exports will drive growth in the near future.
• Figure 1.2: Greece ranks poorly on clustering and value chain.
• Figure 1.3: Greece ranks low in border administration and transport infrastructure.
• Figure 1.4: Trade and GDP can increase drastically with improvements in trade facilitation.
• Figure 1.5: Sea transport is doing well in Greece.
• Figure 1.6: Bilateral trade costs for Greece and comparator countries.
• Figure 1.7: Greece ranks low in logistics compared to its neighbors.
• Figure 1.8: Greece performs below countries with similar per capita income.
• Figure 1.9: Logistics performance is below Western Europe in all its components.
• Figure 1.10: Logistics performance has deteriorated since 2007.
• Figure 1.11: Greece ranks 25th in container shipping connectivity.
• Figure 1.12: Greece shows a large improvement in container shipping connectivity in 2012.
• Figure 1.13: Piraeus container volumes are still small compared to Greece's neighbors.
• Figure 1.14: Logistics services in a typical supply chain.
• Figure 1.15: Distribution network of a single consumer product in Greece.
• Figure 1.16: Greek logistics services in billion Euros.
• Figure 1.17: Rail: the big absent in export volumes.
• Figure A1.1: Main roles of the Ministry, private sector, and World Bank in logistics strategy work.
• Figure A1.2: Emphasis of work by the Logistics Permanent Committee.
• Figure A2.1: Logistics Strategy work in Finland.
• Figure A4.1: E-roads network in Greece and neighboring countries.
• Figure A4.2: TEN-T Network for Greece.

List of Boxes

• Box 1: Voices of the Private Sector – Highlights the challenges faced by logistics operators in Greece.
• Box 2: Logistics: What Matters to Improve Supply Chains – Explains the key factors influencing logistics performance.

List of Tables

• Table 2.1: Fees have three components.
• Table A3.1: Policy maker/regulator.
• Table A3.2: Current legislation on inspection of roadside transport.