欧洲央行-人工智能与欧洲女性就业（英）-2025.7_17页_1mb

Summary of ECB Working Paper Series No 3077

Introduction

The paper analyzes the relationship between the diffusion of artificial intelligence (AI) enabled technologies and changes in female employment share across 16 European countries from 2011 to 2019. It uses occupation-level data and measures of AI exposure derived from Felten et al. (2019) and Webb (2020).

Key Findings

• A positive association exists between AI exposure and increases in female employment share, with a rise in AI exposure by ten percentiles associated with a 2.2-2.9% increase in female employment share, compared to approximately double the effect on total employment share.
• The impact is amplified in countries with high educational attainment and labor force participation for women.
• Educational advancements and higher labor force participation allow women to benefit from AI by shifting to professional occupations.
• Cross-country analysis shows heterogeneity, but almost all countries exhibit a positive correlation, with exceptions in some cases.
• Factors such as educational relative progress and initial female participation rates strengthen the positive effects.

Conclusion

The findings suggest that AI-enabled technologies can positively influence female employment in Europe, supported by policies promoting education and labor market participation. This aligns with broader research on leveraging educational credentials for gender-specific benefits in the context of technological change.