战略与国际研究中心-Global-Partnership-Update-N10_8页_527kb

Global Partnership Update Summary

Core Content

The Global Partnership Against the Spread of Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction (GP) was launched in 2002 at the Kananaskis G8 Summit, with the goal of reducing the risks of nuclear, biological, and chemical (NBC) weapons and materials left over from the Cold War. The initiative was led by the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) and primarily sponsored by the Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI). It involved a consortium of 24 research institutes from 19 countries, including Europe, Asia, and North America.

The Strengthening the Global Partnership Project (SGP) played a significant role in supporting the GP by producing major reports, conducting outreach, and promoting awareness. The SGP also held media conferences and sponsored events like Black Dawn, a scenario-based exercise focused on preventing nuclear terrorism.

Main Viewpoints

• Success of the GP: The initiative has made substantial progress, including the dismantlement of nuclear submarines, destruction of chemical weapons, and the conversion of surplus plutonium into mixed oxide (MOX) fuel.
• Focus on Russia and Former Soviet Union (FSU): The majority of GP efforts have been concentrated in Russia and other FSU states, but there has been a push for global expansion to address proliferation risks in other regions.
• Multilateral Cooperation: The GP has demonstrated the effectiveness of multilateral cooperation in enhancing international security. It has fostered trust and understanding among partners and contributed to the implementation of key multilateral treaties.
• Future Priorities: As the GP approaches its 2012 deadline, the focus is shifting from classic areas like chemical weapons and nuclear submarine dismantlement to new high-risk areas such as biosecurity and fissile material protection.
• Need for Continued Support: Despite progress, the GP still requires sustained donor commitments and efficient implementation to address remaining security gaps. The U.S. Congress has shown some hesitation in fully funding the program, but has committed to supporting it through cooperation with other donors.

Key Information

Progress Achieved

• Chemical Weapons Destruction: Two facilities have been built and operational in Russia.
• Nuclear Submarines Dismantlement: Over 69 submarines have been dismantled, with Japan, Canada, and other countries playing key roles.
• Plutonium Disposition: A plan was agreed upon in 2007 to convert 34 metric tons of Russian weapons-grade plutonium into MOX fuel, which will be burned in fast reactors (BN-600 and BN-800).
• Security Upgrades: Significant progress has been made in securing nuclear facilities in Russia, Ukraine, and Central Asia.
• International Collaboration: The GP has expanded to include Ukraine as a recipient state and has seen contributions from 22 non-G8 states, as well as the EU.

Financial Contributions

• Japan: Funded the dismantling of three Victor III class submarines under the "Star of Hope" program.
• Sweden: Allocated $5 million to nuclear safety in Russia and completed a project on the Kola Peninsula.
• UK: Committed £2 million to secure nuclear materials in Central Asia.
• Canada: Allocated $120,000 for the dismantling of 12 Russian submarines and $29 million for the unloading of reactors from four submarines.
• U.S.: Committed $400 million to the plutonium disposition program and $6 million for chemical weapons destruction in Russia.

New Developments

• Chernobyl Site Security: Ukraine received $460 million from the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) to secure the site and build a new "New Safe Confinement" structure.
• Legal Frameworks: The International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism entered into force in 2007, with Bangladesh being the 22nd country to ratify it.
• HEU Repatriation: Several countries, including Vietnam, Poland, and the Czech Republic, returned high-enriched uranium (HEU) to Russia, with support from the NNSA and IAEA.

Future Outlook

• G8 Summit in 2008: Japan will preside over the summit in Toyako, with a focus on strengthening the GP and addressing nuclear terrorism.
• Midpoint Review: The review highlighted the success of the GP and the need for continued coordination and accountability.
• Post-2012 Considerations: Discussions are ongoing about whether the GP should be extended or replaced by a new initiative, with a focus on maintaining a sound multilateral treaty system.

Conclusion

The Global Partnership has been a successful multilateral initiative that has significantly reduced the risks of NBC weapons proliferation. It has demonstrated the power of international cooperation in addressing global security challenges. As the program approaches its midpoint, it has set a path for future expansion and focus on new priorities, ensuring that the global threat of nuclear terrorism remains a central concern. The consortium and donors have played a crucial role in its implementation, and continued support will be essential to achieving its long-term goals.