2007年-世界发展银行全球_Agricultural_Extension_Services_in_Indonesia___New_Approaches_and_Emerging_Issues_96页_6mb

Summary of Agricultural Extension Services in Indonesia

Core Content

This report provides an analysis of the impact of the Decentralized Agricultural and Forestry Extension Project (DAFEP), a World Bank-assisted initiative implemented in Indonesia from 2000 to 2005. It explores the changes in the agricultural extension system, evaluates the project's impact on productivity, welfare, and institutional reforms, and highlights emerging issues in the context of decentralization and rural development.

Main Objectives

• To assess institutional changes in agricultural extension in Indonesia.
• To present the results of the DAFEP impact evaluation.
• To discuss lessons learned and emerging issues in the new political and institutional context.

Key Findings

Income and Welfare

• DAFEP significantly increased net crop income per hectare and non-farm income.
• Expenditure data was used as a better proxy for welfare than income data, due to the issue of non-harvested parcels.
• Three welfare indicators (yearly expenses, asset value, and share of food expenses) showed significant improvement for DAFEP households.
• Gini coefficient analysis indicated a decrease in income inequality, but an increase in asset inequality.
• Non-farm income increased across all samples, reaching 95% of households, though the structure remained stable.

Productivity and Technology

• There was no significant change in rice yield or trade income.
• A 5% increase in agricultural growth was observed in DAFEP households, but attribution to the project is limited.
• Input use efficiency improved for rice in DAFEP and for soybean in both DAFEP and Reference samples.
• Diversification index remained stable, suggesting limited technological change.

Extension Services

• Accessibility to extension workers increased significantly across all samples.
• Willingness to pay for agricultural information did not change.
• Composite indicators of access to agricultural information and extension services showed improvement, though not significantly for all samples.
• DAFEP households showed improved access to agricultural information, but the impact was not significant in comparison to the Reference sample.

Links with Upstream and Downstream Actors

• Input market accessibility improved significantly for all households.
• Joint purchasing of inputs and outputs showed some improvement, with the Reference sample performing better in input purchase and DAFEP in output purchase.
• Composite indicator of upstream and downstream links showed a significant positive change across all samples.

Empowerment

• Participation in development projects and desire to be involved in decision-making increased in all samples.
• Composite indicator of confidence to join decision-making processes showed a significant increase.
• Nominal variables indicated increased participation in village decision-making, but this trend was common across all samples and not directly attributable to DAFEP.

Institutional Reforms

• Integrated extension services at the district level remain underdeveloped.
• Some districts have adopted DAFEP principles with support from Bupati decrees and guaranteed funding.
• District Extension Committees (DECs) were established to support farmer-led extension, but they have been dominated by government members and have not fully realized their potential.
• BIPP/KIPP units (District/Sub-district extension centers) have either been abolished or downgraded in many areas, limiting the career and status of extension workers.
• Partnerships with NGOs, universities, and industry have started to show benefits, but they are still in early stages.

Emerging Issues and Challenges

• Decentralization has led to a shift in extension service delivery, with a focus on participatory approaches and market information.
• Private sector involvement is increasing, particularly in the dry-land cash cropping sub-sector in eastern Indonesia.
• Credit constraints and information asymmetry have hindered the adoption of new technologies.
• Rural ICT development is low, which limits access to critical information on inputs, techniques, and market opportunities.
• The separation of research and extension functions within the Ministry of Agriculture has made it difficult to align research with farmers' needs and effectively disseminate results.

Conclusion

The DAFEP project has contributed to welfare improvements and institutional development, though its impact on productivity and technology adoption has been limited. The shift toward decentralized and participatory extension systems is ongoing, and the role of the private sector and civil society is becoming more prominent. However, systemic challenges such as credit access, information dissemination, and institutional coordination remain critical for the future of agricultural extension in Indonesia. The new law on extension (Law 16/2006) supports a multi-provider system, which is a positive step toward more effective and inclusive agricultural development.

Summary of Impacts

References

• The report draws on data from Benchmark (2001) and End-of-Project (EoP) surveys.
• Spillover sample was used to assess indirect effects but yielded inconclusive results.
• The DAFEP Impact Evaluation was supported by various World Bank projects and donors.

Abbreviations

Key Quotes

"Agricultural extension faces a major challenge in Indonesia to develop an effective institutional mechanism for disseminating technology relevant for small-scale producers."

"The evolution from a publicly-financed and publicly-delivered service to one that is publicly-financed but privately delivered has begun."

"Strengthening information systems will support higher rural productivity."