2018年-世界发展银行全球_Cambodia_Beyond_Connections___Energy_Access_Diagnostic_Report_Based_on_the_Multi-Tier_Framework_104页_4mb

Summary of Cambodia Energy Access Diagnostic Report Based on the Multi-Tier Framework

Core Content

This report presents an energy access diagnostic of Cambodia using the Multi-Tier Framework (MTF), which evaluates access to electricity and modern energy cooking solutions based on multiple attributes and tiers. It highlights the current status, challenges, and policy implications for improving energy access across the country.

Main Points

Access to Electricity

• 97.6% of Cambodian households have access to at least one electricity source, with 71.5% connected to the grid and 26.1% using off-grid solar devices or rechargeable batteries.
• 88.2% of households have access to at least 4 hours of electricity per day (Tier 1-5), while 65.6% have access to 8 hours (Tier 3-5).
• Only 13% of households are in Tier 5, which means they have access to 23 hours of reliable, high-quality, and affordable electricity.
• 69.3% of grid-connected households face frequent power shortages, and 32.6% experience appliance damage due to voltage fluctuations.
• 9.4% of grid-connected households cannot afford the electricity tariff.
• 2.8% of urban households have no access to grid electricity, while 47.8% of rural households cite distance as the main barrier to grid access.
• Urban households consume 90 kWh more per month than rural households, and only 45.1% of rural households use medium- or high-load appliances.
• 99.7% of households that use a solar device are in rural areas, and 66.6% of off-grid solar users are in Tier 2.
• Tier 0 households (no electricity access) are 27.1% less likely to have grid electricity and 20.1% more likely to have off-grid electricity than top quintile households.
• The bottom quintile has 55.6% grid access and 36.8% off-grid access, while the top quintile has 82.7% and 16.7% respectively.

Access to Modern Energy Cooking Solutions

• 32.9% of households use an improved cookstove, with 79.1% using it exclusively.
• 35.1% of households use a clean fuel stove, with 77.1% of urban households using LPG as the primary fuel.
• 28.6% of households use traditional stoves (three-stone or biomass), mainly in rural areas.
• Switching to improved cookstoves reduces fuel collection time by 4.7 hours per week and fuel preparation time by 24.3 minutes per meal.
• 79.6% of households are willing to pay 5,000 or 20,000 riels for an improved cookstove, but only 36.6% are willing to pay $40 or 160,000 riels for a higher performance stove.
• 84.3% of rural households are in Tier 0 or 1, while 66.9% of urban households are in Tier 3-5.
• Affordability is the main constraint for both LPG and improved cookstove adoption, particularly for low-income and female-headed households.
• Fuel stacking (using multiple fuels) is common, especially LPG and biomass.
• In rural areas, biomass stoves are more prevalent, while LPG stoves dominate in urban areas.
• 79.6% of households are willing to pay for an improved cookstove, but only 36.6% are willing to pay for a higher performance stove.
• Women spend more time cooking than men, regardless of the stove type.

Key Findings and Policy Implications

• Universal access to electricity is achievable in the near term with parallel efforts in grid and off-grid electrification.
• Improving grid reliability and voltage stability could shift the average electricity access tier from Tier 2.6 to Tier 3.6 by moving 42.7% of Tier 3 and 6.2% of Tier 4 households to Tier 5.
• Affordability remains a significant barrier, especially for the poorest households and female-headed households.
• Pay-as-you-go models and subsidy programs should be explored to improve affordability for grid and solar connections.
• Rural electrification is hindered by low appliance ownership and the need for more affordable and efficient technologies.
• Promoting energy-efficient appliances and affordable purchase schemes can enhance the benefits of existing electricity sources.
• Clean fuel stoves should be expanded, especially in urban areas, and traditional biomass stoves should be replaced with cleaner alternatives in rural areas.
• Awareness campaigns are needed to address the barriers to adopting modern cooking solutions, including affordability, socioeconomic factors, and cultural practices.
• Health and safety should be a focus of awareness efforts, especially in households using traditional stoves, to reduce exposure to harmful pollutants.
• Gender disparities are evident in access to electricity and cooking solutions. Female-headed households are more likely to use off-grid solutions and face higher affordability constraints.
• Gender-specific policies should be developed to support female-headed households in accessing and affording modern energy solutions.

Conclusion

The MTF provides a comprehensive, multi-dimensional assessment of energy access in Cambodia, highlighting the need for targeted policies to address affordability, reliability, and awareness. Improving the quality and affordability of both grid and off-grid electricity, as well as modern energy cooking solutions, is essential for achieving equitable and sustainable energy access across all segments of the population.