亚开行-缩小中小企业温室气体排放计算中的数据差距（英）-2025.2_12页_1mb

Summary of ASEAN+3 BOND MARKET FORUM BRIEF No.6

Core Content

This brief focuses on the challenges and opportunities associated with greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions calculation for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the context of sustainable finance and the ASEAN+3 Bond Market Forum (ABMF). It emphasizes the importance of GHG emissions reporting for SMEs, not only for regulatory compliance but also for financial benefits, enhanced supply chain relationships, and improved risk management.

The brief highlights that while SMEs may lack the resources and expertise to conduct detailed GHG emissions tracking, they can use estimation methods based on documented emission factors (EFs) to achieve cost-effective and practical reporting. It also discusses the need for standardized frameworks and the development of country-specific EFs to enhance the accuracy and relevance of emissions calculations.

Main Points

• GHG Emissions Reporting for SMEs:

  • It is crucial for SMEs to report GHG emissions to align with global sustainability standards and meet the expectations of larger corporations and financial institutions.
  • SMEs may face pressure to voluntarily calculate Scope 3 emissions, even if not mandated by regulations.

• Challenges for SMEs:

  • Resource and expertise constraints: SMEs often lack the financial and human resources to invest in specialized tools and personnel for GHG accounting.
  • Technical complexity: GHG emissions calculation involves complex data collection and analysis, especially for Scope 3 emissions.
  • Diverse regulatory landscapes: Different countries have varying GHG reporting requirements, which can complicate the process for SMEs involved in international value chains.

• Solutions for SMEs:

  • Estimation approach: Using documented EFs is a practical and cost-effective method for SMEs.
  • Technology support: Start-ups and technology platforms can assist SMEs in data collection and emissions calculation.
  • Public and private support: Policymakers and large corporations can provide capacity-building and affordable technology solutions to help SMEs overcome data and technical challenges.

Key Recommendations

• Establish a common understanding of GHG emissions calculation methods.
• Develop and maintain credible databases of emission factors, including country-specific EFs.
• Encourage the use of standardized tools and frameworks such as the GHG Protocol.
• Support the development of country-specific EFs by ASEAN Member States (AMS) to improve the accuracy and relevance of emissions data.
• Promote the adoption of GHG emissions disclosure under the IFRS Sustainability Disclosure Standards.

GHG Emissions Calculation Process

The brief outlines a five-step process for GHG emissions calculation and reporting:

1. Set Organizational Boundaries: Define which parts of the organization are included in the GHG inventory.
2. Set Operational Boundaries: Categorize emissions into Scope 1, 2, or 3.
3. Identify and Calculate GHG Emissions: Identify sources, collect activity data, and apply appropriate EFs.
4. Track Emissions: Develop a base year, set reduction targets, and monitor emissions over time.
5. Report and Verify: Report the data and verify it through third-party validation.

Emission Factors (EFs) and Their Sources

EFs are coefficients that quantify emissions per unit of activity. The brief identifies several sources for EFs, including:

• IPCC Emission Factor Database: Provides default EFs for Tier 1 methodology but may not reflect national circumstances.
• EMEP/EEA Emission Inventory Guidebook 2023: Offers useful defaults for cross-checking.
• US EPA GHG Emission Factors Hub: Provides useful defaults for cross-checking.
• OECD International Emission Factor Databases: Offers useful defaults for cross-checking.
• IEA GHG CO2 Emissions Database: A reliable source for energy-related emissions.
• GHG Protocol: Provides third-party databases and tools.
• Peer-reviewed journals and regulatory records: Offer reliable EFs when they are representative and based on standard methods.

Country-Specific Emission Factors in ASEAN Member States

• Brunei Darussalam: Uses default EFs from the IPCC 2006 Guidelines.
• Cambodia: Has developed CSEFs for cement production and forestry.
• Indonesia: Has developed CSEFs for cement and ammonia production, as well as livestock emissions.
• Lao PDR: Relies on default EFs from the IPCC 2006 Guidelines.
• Malaysia: Plans to develop CSEFs for energy, IPPU, AFOLU, and waste.
• Philippines: Uses default EFs, with some CSEFs for rice cultivation and forestry.
• Singapore: Has launched a country-specific EF database (Singapore Emission Factors Registry) in October 2024.
• Thailand: Has developed CSEFs for the cement industry and is working on others.
• Viet Nam: Has developed limited CSEFs, mainly for continuously flooded rice fields, and is using Tier 2 methodology in some subcategories.

Grid Emission Factors (EFs)

Grid EFs are critical for calculating Scope 2 emissions from electricity consumption. Table 3 shows the grid EFs for each ASEAN Member State (AMS), ranging from 0.39 to 0.78 tons of carbon dioxide per megawatt-hour.

• Brunei Darussalam: 0.5784 tCO2/MWh (Asian Transport Outlook)
• Cambodia: 0.5338 tCO2/MWh (IGES)
• Indonesia: 0.7848 tCO2/MWh (Climate Transparency Report)
• Lao PDR: 0.5048 tCO2/MWh (Asian Transport Outlook)
• Malaysia: 0.7580 tCO2/MWh (MEIH)
• Philippines: 0.7122 tCO2/MWh (DOE)
• Singapore: 0.4168 tCO2/MWh (EMA)
• Thailand: 0.4401 tCO2/MWh (GMO)
• Viet Nam: 0.6766 tCO2/MWh (MONRE, launched in 2024)

Conclusion

The brief underscores the need for a coordinated effort to address the data gap in GHG emissions calculation for SMEs. It advocates for the development of country-specific EFs, the use of estimation methods, and the support of technology and capacity-building initiatives to ensure SMEs can meet sustainability disclosure requirements effectively.