2010年-世界发展银行全球_Tapping_the_Potential_for_Energy_Savings_in_Turkey_100页_2mb

Summary of "Tapping the Potential for Energy Savings in Turkey"

Core Content

This document, prepared by the World Bank, presents an assessment of energy efficiency (EE) potential in Turkey, focusing on the industrial and building sectors. It outlines the importance of EE for energy supply security, economic growth, and environmental protection, and provides a comprehensive analysis of current trends, policy frameworks, and opportunities for improvement.

Main Points

Importance of Energy Efficiency for Turkey

• Energy Supply Security: Rapid energy demand growth, especially in electricity, poses a risk to supply stability. With annual growth rates of 7.0–8.0%, and potential delays in new generation plants, Turkey must enhance EE to ensure long-term supply security.
• Economic Competitiveness: Low EE increases production costs for businesses, reducing their competitiveness globally. Improving EE is essential for sustaining long-term economic growth.
• Environmental Impact: Turkey has the highest growth rate of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions among Annex 1 countries under the UNFCCC. The energy sector contributes significantly to these emissions, making EE a key tool for climate change mitigation.
• EU Accession and Kyoto Protocol: EE improvements are crucial for Turkey's accession to the EU and its participation in the next Kyoto Protocol.

Key Sectors for Energy Efficiency Improvement

Industrial Sector

• Energy Consumption: Accounts for 39% of total final energy consumption (TFC) in 2007.
• Energy Savings Potential:
  • Total: 8.0 million toe/year (about 25% of 2007-level industrial energy consumption).
  • Subsectors with the highest potential:
    • Iron and Steel: 1.4 million toe/year (21% electricity savings, 19% fuel savings).
    • Cement: 1.1 million toe/year (25% electricity savings, 29% fuel savings).
    • Textiles: 1.097 million toe/year (57% electricity savings, 30% fuel savings).
    • Chemical: 2.283 million toe/year (18% electricity savings, 64% fuel savings).
• Challenges:
  • Lack of comprehensive data and inconsistent collection methods.
  • High transaction costs due to limited qualified consultants and companies.
  • Insufficient long-term financing for EE projects.

Building Sector

• Energy Consumption: Accounts for 30% of TFC in 2007.
• Energy Savings Potential:
  • Total: 7.0 million toe/year (about 30% of total building energy consumption).
  • Residential: 5.655 million toe/year (29% electricity savings, 46% fuel savings).
  • Public and Commercial: 1.505 million toe/year (29% electricity savings, 20% fuel savings).
• Key Factors:
  • Heating accounts for 80% of building energy use.
  • Thermal insulation is a major area for energy savings.
  • New building codes require compliance with EU thermal and energy efficiency standards.

Policy and Institutional Framework

• Legislation: The Energy Efficiency Law and its secondary regulations provide a legal basis for promoting EE.
• Regulatory Progress:
  • Cost-based pricing mechanisms have been introduced, aligning Turkey's electricity prices with Western Balkans and Central Europe.
  • Turkey is working to harmonize its energy legislation with EU standards.
• ESCOs (Energy Service Companies):
  • ESCOs play a critical role in identifying and implementing EE projects.
  • Current legal framework supports only the Guaranteed Savings Model, which puts financial risk on ESCOs.
  • Alternative models, such as the Shared Savings Model, could reduce risk for end-users but may increase costs due to measurement and validation requirements.

Institutional Strengthening

• EIE (Electric Power Resources Survey and Development Administration):
  • Originally focused on energy supply technologies.
  • Now required to administer the overall EE program and implement subsidy and voluntary agreement programs.
  • Needs to be refocused to better support EE initiatives.
• Recommendations:
  • Establish a dedicated energy efficiency department within EIE.
  • Allocate dedicated institutional and financial resources for EE.
  • Set measurable and quantifiable targets for EE improvement.
  • Enhance staff capacity and technical expertise.

Next Steps for Turkey

1. Improve Data Collection and Monitoring:

   • Implement a sustained program for EE data collection.
   • Focus on five key indicators: economic ratios, technical-economic ratios, energy savings, benchmarking, and diffusion rates.
   • Use EU databases (e.g., EUROSTAT, ODYSEE) as a reference for data collection.
   • Coordinate with other government agencies and private sector entities for consistent data gathering.

2. Develop ESCO Business Models:

   • Expand current legislation to support a broader range of EE investment models.
   • Introduce the Shared Savings Model to reduce risk for end-users and encourage more participation.
   • Establish legal recourse and arbitration mechanisms to resolve disputes over savings delivery.

3. Strengthen Institutional Arrangements:

   • Refocus EIE to better support EE initiatives.
   • Allocate budgetary and institutional resources to EE functions.
   • Set clear and measurable targets for EE improvement.

Conclusion

Turkey has taken initial steps toward improving energy efficiency, but significant potential remains untapped. The industrial and building sectors offer the largest opportunities for EE savings, with a combined potential of over 15 million toe/year. To realize these savings, Turkey must address market barriers such as inconsistent data, high transaction costs, and limited financing. Strengthening institutional frameworks, developing ESCO models, and improving data collection are essential to building a sustainable and efficient energy market.