数字身份识别的技术前景（英文版）_104页_5mb

Digital Identification Technology Landscape Summary

Core Content

This report provides an overview of the current technology landscape for digital identification, focusing on the identity lifecycle and the technologies that support each stage. It is part of the World Bank Group's Identification for Development (ID4D) initiative, which aims to enable all people to access services and exercise their rights through secure, verifiable, and officially recognized identification.

The report outlines the key stages of the identity lifecycle, including Registration (Identity Proofing), Issuance (Credential Management), Identity Authentication, Authorization, and Identity Management (Identity Maintenance). It also introduces a Technology Assessment Framework to evaluate digital ID technologies across six parameters: Maturity, Performance, Scalability, Adoption, Security, and Affordability. Each parameter is rated on a 3-point scale (High, Medium, Low), and the report maps various technologies to the identity lifecycle stages to help practitioners make informed decisions.

Main Viewpoints

• Digital identification is essential for enabling access to critical services and benefits, including finance, healthcare, and education.
• The identity lifecycle is a continuous process, not a one-time event, and includes registration, issuance, authentication, authorization, and management.
• Technology choices are crucial for the success of digital ID systems, and new technologies offer opportunities to leapfrog traditional paper-based systems.
• The report does not recommend specific technologies but provides a framework to assess them based on multiple criteria.
• Privacy and data protection are central to the design and governance of digital ID systems, with the ID4D initiative developing tools like the ID Enabling Environment Assessment (IDEEA) to support this.

Key Technologies

1. Credential Technologies

• Biometrics: Includes physiological (e.g., fingerprints, facial recognition) and behavioral traits (e.g., voice, keystroke dynamics). Used for identity proofing and de-duplication.
• Cards: Physical or digital credentials that can be used for identification and authentication. Includes technologies like BSoC (Biometric System on Card) and EMV (Europay, MasterCard, and Visa).
• Mobile: Utilizes smartphones and mobile devices for identity verification and credential management. Includes technologies like NFC (Near-Field Communication), QR codes, and mobile biometrics.

2. Authentication and Trust Frameworks

• Blockchain: Offers decentralized and secure storage of identity data, with potential for enhancing trust and transparency.
• FIDO UAF (Universal Authentication Framework) and FIDO U2F (Universal Second Factor): Provide strong, secure authentication without passwords.
• OAuth 2.0 and OpenID Connect: Standards for authorization and authentication, widely used in web and mobile applications.
• SAML (Security Assertion Markup Language): A standard for exchanging authentication and authorization data between parties.
• Key Trends: Emphasis on multi-factor authentication, interoperability, and open standards to ensure robust and inclusive systems.

3. Analytics Technologies

• Risk Analytics: Used to detect and prevent fraudulent activities.
• Predictive Analytics: Helps in anticipating potential issues with identity claims.
• Business Activity and Operations Analytics: Aids in monitoring and improving the performance of digital ID systems.
• Biographic Matching (FuSearch): Aids in de-duplication by matching biographic data across systems.
• Key Trends: Increasing use of AI, big data, and real-time analytics to enhance system performance and user experience.

Other Considerations

• Privacy and Data Protection: Important for building trust in digital ID systems. Must be addressed in both design and governance.
• Open Standards and Vendor Neutrality: Ensures interoperability and avoids vendor lock-in.
• Demographics and Culture: Must be considered to ensure systems are inclusive and user-friendly.
• Service-Level Requirements: Define the scope and performance expectations of the digital ID system.
• Economic Feasibility: Balances cost with functionality and scalability.
• Infrastructure Constraints: Affects the choice and implementation of technologies, especially in developing countries.

Conclusion

The report emphasizes that while technology is a critical component of digital ID systems, it is not the only consideration. It highlights the importance of inclusion, design principles, and governance frameworks in ensuring the effectiveness and sustainability of digital identification systems. The ID4D initiative continues to work on developing standards, tools, and frameworks to support the implementation of secure and inclusive digital ID systems globally.

Key Terms and Definitions

• Authentication: Proving an identity through credentials.
• Biometrics: Measurable physical or behavioral traits used for identification.
• Credential: An object or data structure that binds an identity to an authenticator.
• De-duplication: Identifying and removing duplicate identity records.
• Digital Identity: A set of electronically stored attributes and credentials that uniquely identify a person.
• Identity Lifecycle: A process that includes registration, issuance, authentication, authorization, and management.
• Protocol: A set of rules for information exchange.
• Revocation: Ending the validity of a credential prematurely.

Abbreviations

• AAL: Authenticator Assurance Level
• AI: Artificial Intelligence
• API: Application Programming Interface
• BN: Billion
• BSoC: Biometric System on Card
• CNIC: Computerized National Identity Card
• CRL: Certificate Revocation List
• CSP: Credential Service Provider
• DLT: Distributed Ledger Technology
• DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid
• DNI: Documento Nacional de Identidad
• ECG: Electrocardiography
• eID: Electronic Identification
• eIDAS: Electronic Identification, Authentication and Trust Services
• EMS: Enterprise Mobility + Security
• EMV: Europay, MasterCard, and Visa
• EU: European Union
• FAR: False Acceptance Rate
• FIDO: Fast Identity Online
• FRR: False Rejection Rate
• FTE: Failure to Enroll
• GSM: Global System for Mobile
• GSMA: Groupe Spéciale Mobile Association
• HTTP: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
• IAL: Identity Assurance Level
• ICAO: International Civil Aviation Organization
• ID: Identification
• ID4D: Identification for Development
• IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force
• IMDB: In-Memory Database
• IoT: Internet of Things
• ISO: International Organization for Standardization
• KYC: Know Your Customer
• LDA: Linear Discriminant Analysis
• MN: Million
• MRTD: Machine Readable Travel Document
• MRZ: Machine-Readable Zone
• N/A: Not Applicable
• NADRA: National Database and Registration Authority
• NFC: Near-Field Communication
• NIR: Near Infrared
• NIST: National Institute of Standards and Technology
• OAuth: Open Authorization
• OCR: Optical Character Recognition
• OTP: One-Time Password
• PCA: Principal Component Analysis
• PII: Personally Identifiable Information
• PIN: Personal Identification Number
• PIV: Personal Identity Verification
• PKI: Public Key Infrastructure
• QR: Quick Response
• RAM: Random-Access Memory
• RF: Radio Frequency
• RFC: Remote Function Call
• RFID: Radio Frequency Identification
• RSA: Rivest-Shamir-Adleman
• SaaS: Software as a Service
• SAML: Security Assertion Markup Language
• SDK: Software Development Kit
• SIM: Subscriber Identification Module
• SMS: Short Message Service
• TPM: Trusted Platform Module
• UAF: Universal Authentication Framework
• UHF: Ultra-High Frequency
• UI: User Interface
• USB: Universal Serial Bus
• USD: US Dollars

Appendices

• Appendix 1: Covers additional design considerations such as APIs, microservices, databases, and distributed systems.
• Appendix 2: Contains figures and diagrams illustrating the identity lifecycle, technology assessment, and mapping of technologies to the identity lifecycle stages.

About ID4D

ID4D is a cross-sectoral initiative by the World Bank Group aimed at supporting the development of digital identification systems to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. It works on three pillars: thought leadership and analytics, global platforms and convening, and country and regional engagement. The initiative is supported by the World Bank Group, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and Omidyar Network.

Principles of Identification for Sustainable Development

The report highlights the following principles that should guide the design and implementation of digital ID systems:

Inclusion

1. Ensure universal coverage without discrimination.
2. Remove barriers to access and usage.

Design

3. Establish robust, unique, secure, and accurate identity.
4. Create an interoperable platform responsive to user needs.
5. Use open standards and ensure vendor neutrality.
6. Protect user privacy and control.
7. Plan for financial and operational sustainability.

Governance

8. Safeguard data privacy, security, and user rights.
9. Establish clear institutional mandates and accountability.
10. Enforce legal and trust frameworks through independent oversight.

These principles are supported by the ID4D initiative and are crucial for building trust and ensuring the success of digital ID systems.

Final Note

This report is a snapshot of the technology landscape as of early 2018 and is intended to provide a framework for understanding the options available, rather than offering specific technology recommendations. The rapid evolution of digital technologies means that this information may become outdated over time.