2016年-世界发展银行全球_Assessment_of_Gender_Impacts_of_ITS_42页_375kb

Summary of Assessment of Gender Impacts of ITS

Core Content

This report evaluates the gender impacts of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) in two Chinese cities, Wuhan and Urumqi, under the support of the World Bank. It emphasizes the importance of addressing gender differences in urban transport planning and design to ensure equitable access and benefits for both men and women. The study uses survey and focus group methods to collect data on travel behavior, ITS usage, and gender-specific needs.

Main Points

1. Introduction

• The World Bank and China have a long-standing partnership in infrastructure development.
• China has invested heavily in ITS, making it one of the largest markets globally.
• ITS has improved public transport reliability, convenience, and safety.
• Gender mainstreaming is essential to address the different needs and behaviors of men and women in urban transport.

2. Overview of ITS in China

• ITS refers to the use of advanced ICT to enhance transport services.
• ITS development in China began in the early 1990s with stand-alone systems.
• Over time, cities aligned with national standards and developed comprehensive ITS plans.
• ITS is divided into two categories:
  • ITS for Traffic Management and Enforcement: Developed by traffic police departments, including systems like traffic signal control, CCTV monitoring, E-Police, and parking guidance.
  • ITS for Public Transport Operations and Services: Developed by transport commissions and bus companies, including bus dispatching, IC card systems, passenger information systems, and navigation tools.

3. Gender and Urban Transportation

• Gender Mainstreaming: A strategy to integrate gender perspectives into all stages of transport planning and implementation to ensure equality.
• Gender Differences in Travel Behavior:
  • Space: Women make more diverse trips, including shopping, school drop-offs, and household tasks.
  • Time: Women's travel time is more spread out throughout the day, while men's is concentrated in peak hours.
  • Trip Mode: Men prefer private transport, while women rely more on public transport and walking.
  • Affordability: Women are more sensitive to travel costs due to multiple purposes per trip.
  • Psychological Needs: Women prioritize safety and security, while men focus on efficiency and reliability.

4. Research Method

• The project team, led by Tong Xin from Peking University, conducted both quantitative and qualitative research.
• Field Survey and Participatory Observation:
  • Visits to transport agencies in Wuhan and Urumqi to understand ITS development and policy.
  • Experiences with ITS services and infrastructure.
• Questionnaire Survey:
  • 600 valid questionnaires were collected in Wuhan.
  • 510 valid questionnaires were collected in Urumqi.
  • Respondents were balanced in gender (Wuhan: 1.1 male to female; Urumqi: 0.9).
  • Age distribution focused on the 26-55 group, with some representation from 16-25 and 56-75.
  • In Urumqi, 20.4% of the sample was from ethnic minority groups.
• Focus Group Discussions:
  • Conducted with 39 residents in Wuhan and 21 in Urumqi.
  • All discussions were recorded as audio.

5. Travel Characteristics by Gender

• Trip Purpose:
  • In Wuhan, 71.0% of males and 65.0% of females had commute as their primary purpose.
  • In Urumqi, 87.3% of males and 81.4% of females had commute as primary purpose.
  • Males are more likely to travel for work (business) compared to females.
  • Females are more likely to travel for housekeeping (e.g., school drop-off/pick-up).
• Trip Time:
  • In Wuhan, the average travel time per person was 50.2 minutes.
  • In Urumqi, the average travel time per person was 35.7 minutes.
  • Women's travel time is more distributed, while men's is concentrated.
• Trip Frequency and Cost:
  • In Wuhan, the average trip frequency was 2.49 per person, with an average cost of 11.9 RMB.
  • In Urumqi, the average trip frequency was 2.41 per person, with an average cost of 8.4 RMB.
  • Commute trips are the most expensive and frequent.
• Mode Choice:
  • In Wuhan, the mode split is as follows: bus (53.6%), subway (26.8%), taxi (14.6%), and other modes.
  • In Urumqi, the mode split is: bus (42.7%), BRT (31.7%), taxi (19.4%), and other modes.
  • Women are more likely to use public transport and walking, while men prefer private vehicles.

Key Findings

• Men and women have distinct travel patterns and needs, influenced by social roles, economic status, and psychological preferences.
• ITS systems should be designed with a gender-sensitive approach to better meet the diverse needs of users.
• The study highlights the importance of integrating gender perspectives into transport planning to reduce inequality and improve service quality.
• The findings suggest that ITS can play a crucial role in bridging the gender gap in urban transport by enhancing accessibility, affordability, and safety for women.

Conclusion

• The study found that ITS has the potential to reduce gender inequality in transport by addressing specific needs of women.
• Gender mainstreaming is a necessary strategy for urban transport development.
• Future research should focus on the integration of gender considerations into the planning, design, implementation, and operation of ITS.
• A technical guideline was developed to support gender-informed ITS planning and implementation.