2009年-世界发展银行全球_Distribution_of_Agricultural_NRAs_across_Countries_and_Products_1955-84_and_1985-2007_37页_726kb

Summary of the Distribution of Agricultural NRAs across Countries and Products, 1955-84 and 1985-2007

Core Content

This working paper provides a detailed analysis of the distribution of Nominal Rates of Assistance (NRAs) and Consumer Tax Equivalents (CTEs) across 75 countries and over 70 agricultural products from 1955 to 2007. The data, part of a broader World Bank research project on agricultural distortions, is publicly available and serves as a foundation for understanding how agricultural policies affect incentives for farmers globally.

The 75 focus countries represent 90–95% of the world’s population, farmers, agricultural output, and GDP, and account for over 85% of farm production and employment in Africa, Asia, Latin America, the transition economies of Europe and Central Asia, and all OECD countries. The only countries not well represented are those in the Middle East and small economies that together account for less than 5% of the global economy.

Main Points

• NRAs and CTEs: The paper estimates NRAs and CTEs for over 70 agricultural products, with an average of 11 products per country.
• Coverage: The database includes around 30,000 estimates, representing 70% of the gross value of agricultural production in focus countries and just under two-thirds of global farm production at undistorted prices.
• Time Period: The average number of years covered per country is 41, with data starting from 1955 and ending in 2007.
• Product Groups:
  • Grains and tubers: 77% of global output
  • Oilseeds: 78%
  • Tropical crops: 74%
  • Livestock products: 72%
• Global Agricultural Exports: These products account for 85% of global agricultural exports.
• Regional Distribution:
  • Africa: 67% of national agricultural production (1980–2004)
  • Asia: 75%
  • Latin America: 65%
  • European transition economies: 62%
  • High-income countries: 73%
• Key Time Periods:
  • 1955–84: A period of significant agricultural distortions.
  • 1985–2007: A period marked by policy reforms in many developing and high-income countries.

Key Information

• Data Sources: The estimates are derived from the Agricultural Distortions database, and the data is used to create Box plots for both product groups and countries.
• Box Plots:
  • Figure A.3: Box plots for 25 major agricultural products across various regions, showing the 95% range, median, and distribution of NRAs.
  • Figure A.4: Box plots for all covered products in each focus country, highlighting the distribution of NRAs over the entire period (1955–2007).
• Policy Shifts: The mid-1980s marks a significant break in policy reforms, particularly in developing countries and some high-income countries.
• Comparisons:
  • The earlier period (1955–84) aligns with the Krueger, Schiff, and Valdés (1991) study of 18 developing countries.
  • The later period (1985–2007) corresponds with the OECD (2008) time series for high-income countries.
• Limitations:
  • Fruit and vegetables, which account for 23% of global agricultural value at undistorted prices, are excluded from the analysis.
  • Some countries have incomplete data for the entire 1955–2007 period.

Conclusion

This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the global database on agricultural NRAs and CTEs, emphasizing the geographic and product coverage. It highlights the regional and temporal variations in agricultural distortions, which are crucial for understanding the impact of agricultural policies on incentives. The data serves as a valuable tool for further research and policy analysis, especially in the context of global agricultural trade and distortions.