20040630-IEA-Energy_Policies_of_IEA_Countries_France_2004_178页_3mb

报告摘要

Summary of France's Energy Policies (2004 Review)

Core Content

The 2004 Review of France's Energy Policies under the International Energy Agency (IEA) outlines the country's energy strategy, highlighting both its achievements and areas needing improvement. The review emphasizes the shift from a centralized, state-driven approach to a more liberalized and market-oriented energy sector, particularly in electricity and natural gas. France's energy policy is also focused on reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, improving energy efficiency, and promoting renewable energy sources.

Main Objectives

Liberalization of Energy Markets: Transition from a state-controlled system to a competitive market.
GHG Emissions Reduction: Meet the Kyoto Protocol targets and long-term climate goals.
Energy Security: Ensure reliable supply across all energy sectors.
Technological Leadership: Maintain nuclear power capabilities and invest in energy research and development (R&D).

Key Points

1. Energy Market and Policy

France has adopted a centralized, nation-based approach with strong government involvement, which has been successful in providing low energy prices and secure supply.
The electricity sector has seen liberalization efforts, including the establishment of an independent transmission system operator (TSO), non-discriminatory third-party access, and a regulator with independence.
The Electricité de France (EDF), a vertically integrated state-owned company, is being restructured to become an ordinary company (SA), aligning it with new market entrants.
A promising electricity exchange, Powernext, has been launched to support market development.
The EU internal market directive has been transposed, opening the market to 37% of customers by 2004 and all customers by 2007.

2. Energy and the Environment

France is obliged under the Kyoto Protocol to maintain GHG emissions at 1990 levels until 2012.
Despite 2001 emissions being roughly equal to 1990 levels, energy-related CO₂ emissions increased by 9.1% between 1990 and 2001 and are expected to rise further.
The government is urged to finalize and publish a clear climate plan for 2050, backed by cost-benefit analysis.
Monitoring the emissions market is essential to manage costs and ensure flexibility in achieving climate goals.
Collaboration with other EU countries is needed to ensure a level playing field in the EU Emission Trading Scheme (EU-ETS).

3. Energy Efficiency

The transport sector is identified as a key area for improving energy efficiency.
The energy efficiency white certificate system is introduced to incentivize energy savings.
Administrative framework for the white certificate system must be developed, including standardized methods for issuing certificates and monitoring outcomes.
The government should evaluate the feasibility and economic costs of stabilizing energy consumption at 2003 levels by 2015.

4. Renewable Energy

France has the highest renewable energy production in the EU, primarily from hydropower and biomass.
Non-hydro renewable sources have not seen significant growth due to the lack of government support.
The government has introduced feed-in tariffs for renewable installations below 12 MW and long-term contracts for those above.
Plant siting, especially for wind power, is a critical factor in the development of renewable energy.
A unified approach to renewable energy and energy efficiency is encouraged.

5. Fossil Fuels

Natural gas infrastructure needs to be developed to support competition.
The dominant position of Gaz de France (GDF) and Total in gas storage should be monitored until alternative capacity is available.
Legal unbundling of gas transport operators is required to ensure fair market access.
A clear signal on future excise tax differentials for diesel and gasoline is needed to guide industry and consumer behavior.

6. Electricity

Competition barriers such as market power and access to networks need to be addressed.
Market confidence should be boosted by minimizing distortions and using market forces to determine power sources.
The concept of service public must be integrated into the liberalized market without becoming a barrier to entry.
Interconnections should be developed to support an EU-wide electricity market.
Demand-response mechanisms should be considered to manage peak demand periods.

7. Nuclear Power

France has the second-largest integrated nuclear system in the world, with 58 reactors contributing 41% of total primary energy supply and 77% of electricity generation.
A demonstration unit for the European Pressurized Water Reactor (EPR) technology is proposed to be completed by 2012.
Lifetime extensions, power uprates, and improved availability are explored to increase nuclear capacity.
High-level radioactive waste management must continue with full funding from waste producers, respecting the 1991 schedule.
International cooperation is encouraged to develop new nuclear systems and diversify energy sources.

8. Energy Research and Development

The government should clarify the allocation method of public R&D spending, including the fields and institutions involved.
A clear R&D policy should be developed to support long-term energy objectives, especially in transport, energy efficiency, and renewables.
Effectiveness of R&D programs should be assessed in a broader energy policy context.
Monitoring R&D expenditure in the industrial sector is recommended.

Recommendations

Adopt a more regional approach to energy security within the European policy framework.
Continue monitoring supply-demand balance and investment trends.
Complete full legal unbundling of transmission and distribution networks.
Clarify the role of the government as shareholder, law maker, regulator, and financier.
Promote transparency and market-based solutions for energy efficiency and renewables.
Ensure fair access to the gas network and monitor GDF's dominance.
Support the white certificate system and simplify its implementation.
Develop interconnections and address local siting concerns for renewable projects.
Maintain nuclear capability through R&D and demonstration projects.
Finalize and publish the Climate Plan and National Allocation Plan for EU-ETS.
Improve cost-benefit studies on energy efficiency and climate targets.
Ensure the government's R&D spending aligns with long-term energy goals.