2012年-世界发展银行全球_Rumours_of_Peace_Whispers_of_War___Assessment_of_the_Reintegration_of_Ex-combatants_into_Civilian_Life_in_North_Kivu_South_Kivu_and_Ituri_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo_40页_1mb

Summary of "Rumours of Peace, Whispers of War: Assessment of the Reintegration of Ex-Combatants into Civilian Life in North Kivu, South Kivu and Ituri, Democratic Republic of Congo"

Core Content

This report provides an in-depth analysis of the transitional demobilization and reintegration (DDR) processes of ex-combatants in the eastern provinces of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), specifically in North Kivu, South Kivu, and Ituri. It evaluates the effectiveness of DDR programs, the current security situation, and the socio-economic reintegration challenges faced by former combatants in these regions.

Main Viewpoints

• DDR Complexity: The DDR process in the DRC has been one of the most complex and multi-faceted in Africa, involving a national program, repatriation of foreign combatants, and special support for vulnerable groups like women, children, and the disabled.
• Security Challenges: Despite some peace-building efforts, the eastern DRC remains volatile, with ongoing conflict and human rights abuses, particularly sexual violence, being a significant issue.
• Reintegration Issues: Ex-combatants often face precarious reintegration into civilian life due to lack of viable livelihood options, which increases their vulnerability to re-recruitment by armed groups.
• Role of International Actors: The World Bank and the United Nations have played pivotal roles in funding and facilitating DDR processes, particularly through the Multi-Country Demobilization and Reintegration Program (MDRP) and the UN Stabilisation Mission in the DRC (MONUSCO).
• Political and Institutional Barriers: Domestic political dynamics, including corruption, inefficiency, and institutional rivalries, have hindered DDR progress and contributed to instability.

Key Information

1. Post-Independence Conflict and Peace-Building in the DRC

• Congo Wars: The DRC has experienced prolonged conflict since colonial times, with the Belgian monarchy using violence to extract resources. After independence in 1960, Mobutu Sese Seko seized power through a coup with U.S. support, leading to a period of authoritarian rule.
• 1996 Rebellion: The RPF, with support from Uganda and Angola, backed a rebellion that led to the fall of Mobutu and the establishment of the DRC.
• 1998 Second Rebellion: Rwanda and Uganda instigated a second rebellion in 1998, leading to the formation of the RCD and the continued presence of armed groups in the region.
• Peace Accords: The Lusaka Accords (1999) and the Inter-Congolese Dialogue (2001–2003) led to a ceasefire and the incorporation of some armed groups into the FARDC. However, groups like the FDLR and CNDP continued to operate, contributing to instability.

2. DDR Programming in the DRC

• MDRP Overview: Launched in 2002, the MDRP aimed to coordinate DDR across the Great Lakes region, including the DRC, with a budget of $272 million.
• DDRP Components:
  • National DDR program (PNDDR)
  • Repatriation of foreign combatants
  • Special DDR projects for vulnerable groups (e.g., children, women)
• DDRRR Activities: The DDRRR program, under MONUSCO, focused on disarming and repatriating foreign armed groups like the FDLR, ADF-NALU, and LRA.
• DDRRR Outcomes: Over 25,000 foreign ex-combatants and their dependents were repatriated, and 1,435 arms and 46,006 rounds of ammunition were destroyed between 2002 and 2011.

3. Current Security Situation in Ituri, North Kivu, and South Kivu

• Security Improvements: There was a marginal improvement in human security in 2010 and 2011 compared to 2008–2009, but insecurity persisted.
• Violence and Abuse: High levels of violence and human rights abuses, including mass rape, were reported, with both FARDC soldiers and armed groups being implicated.
• Armed Groups: Notable armed groups in the region include the FDLR, ADF-NALU, Mai-Mai, and others, many of which are involved in illegal mining and trade.
• Military Reform: The DRC government initiated military reform to stabilize the region, but the implementation has been problematic, leading to increased insecurity.

4. Reintegration of Ex-Combatants

• Economic Reintegration: Socio-economic reintegration programs aimed to provide alternative livelihoods, including training in agriculture, fishing, tailoring, and other trades.
• Challenges: Reintegration support was often described as "chaotic" and "half-hearted," due to implementation delays and lack of coordination.
• Vulnerability to Re-recruitment: Ex-combatants who did not find sustainable livelihoods were at risk of being re-recruited into armed groups, particularly in mining areas where mineral wealth is accessible.

5. Conclusion and Recommendations

• Conclusion: The DDR process in the DRC has had mixed outcomes, with some success in demobilizing and repatriating ex-combatants, but significant challenges remain in reintegration and maintaining peace.
• Recommendations:
  • Strengthen DDR programs with more sustainable socio-economic support.
  • Improve coordination between international and local actors.
  • Address institutional inefficiencies and corruption.
  • Enhance military justice systems to hold perpetrators of human rights abuses accountable.
  • Support community-based initiatives to integrate ex-combatants and reduce their vulnerability to re-recruitment.

Summary Table

Conclusion

The report underscores the persistent challenges of DDR in the DRC, highlighting the need for more effective, contextually relevant, and sustainable reintegration programs to prevent the re-militarization of ex-combatants and promote long-term peace in the region.