2022-10-01-美国癌症协会-美国癌症研究协会（AACR）2022年抗癌进展报告_174页_11mb

AACR Cancer Progress Report 2022 Summary

Core Content

The 2022 AACR Cancer Progress Report highlights significant advancements in cancer research, treatment, and prevention, emphasizing the role of federal funding and interdisciplinary collaboration in transforming patient outcomes. It outlines the progress made in the past year and underscores the ongoing challenges in addressing cancer disparities and ensuring equitable access to care.

Main Points

• Cancer Progress in the U.S.
  The cancer death rate in the U.S. has been steadily declining since the 1990s, with nearly 3.5 million cancer deaths avoided between 1991 and 2019. As of January 1, 2022, over 18 million cancer survivors reside in the U.S.

• Disparities in Cancer Outcomes
  Certain populations, particularly racial and ethnic minorities and medically underserved groups, have not benefited equally from cancer advances. Social determinants of health contribute to these disparities, and efforts are needed to address them through equitable policies and programs.

• Federal Funding and Research
  Federal investments, especially in the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the National Cancer Institute (NCI), have been critical in enabling research breakthroughs. These funds support the decoding of cancer's biological complexity and the integration of scientific knowledge to improve patient care.

• New Anticancer Therapeutics
  Eight new anticancer drugs were approved by the FDA in 2022, reflecting rapid progress in translating discovery science into clinical applications. Notably, the first molecularly targeted therapy for hypoxia-inducible factor-2 alpha in von Hippel-Lindau disease and the approval of relatlimab, a novel immune checkpoint inhibitor, are highlights.

• Immunotherapy Advancements
  Immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors, has seen substantial growth. As of July 31, 2022, nine checkpoint inhibitors had been approved, with the first ever approved for uveal melanoma. Research into the tumor immune microenvironment and mRNA vaccines is expanding the potential of immunotherapy.

• Early Detection and Screening
  Cancer screening aims to detect precancerous lesions or cancer early, reducing population-level burden. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) has established guidelines for five cancers, with some targeting high-risk groups such as former or current smokers. However, adherence to these guidelines remains suboptimal, especially among racial and ethnic minorities.

• Role of Artificial Intelligence (AI)
  AI is being increasingly used in early cancer detection, with tools like Lunit INSIGHT MMG and EndoScreener approved by the FDA for identifying breast lesions and precancerous polyps, respectively.

• Prevention Strategies
  Preventable causes of cancer include tobacco use, obesity, poor diet, lack of physical activity, alcohol consumption, UV exposure, and infections with cancer-causing pathogens. Approximately 40% of cancer cases in the U.S. are attributable to these factors. Efforts to reduce these risks through public education and policy have had positive impacts, but new challenges such as the rise in e-cigarette use among youth threaten progress.

• Future Directions
  The report calls for continued investment in cancer research, the development of diverse and inclusive research initiatives, and the implementation of evidence-based policies to improve cancer prevention, early detection, and treatment access. It also emphasizes the importance of leveraging AI, liquid biopsies, and personalized medicine to further advance cancer care.

Key Information

• Number of Cancer Survivors in the U.S. (Jan 2022): 18 million
• Number of New Anticancer Therapeutics Approved (2021–2022): 8
• Number of FDA-Approved Checkpoint Inhibitors (as of July 31, 2022): 9
• Estimated Cost of Cancer Care in the U.S. (2015): $183 billion
• Projected Cost of Cancer Care in the U.S. (2030): $246 billion
• Percentage of Cancer Cases Attributable to Preventable Causes in the U.S.: ~40%
• CDC's Colorectal Cancer Control Program Impact: Increased screening rates by 8.2% and 12.3% for clinics participating for 2 and 4 years, respectively.

Call to Action

AACR urges Congress to continue supporting robust and sustained funding for NIH, NCI, FDA, and the Cancer Moonshot initiative. This includes ensuring consistent and sufficient annual funding to maintain the momentum in cancer research and care, especially for vulnerable populations such as those living with HIV, adolescents, and older adults.

Conclusion

The report concludes that while significant progress has been made in cancer research and treatment, the fight against cancer is far from over. Continued investment, policy support, and public engagement are essential to achieve the goal of "ending cancer as we know it today." The integration of science, technology, and advocacy will be key to transforming patient outcomes and ensuring health equity for all.