【全球碳捕集与封存研究院】Building_our_way_to_Net-Zero：_Carbon_Dioxide_Pipelines_in_the_United_States_51页_3mb

JOEY MINERVINI

Global CCS Institute

JAMIE BURROWS

DNV

ERROL PINTO

Global CCS Institute

HUGH BARLOW

Global CCS Institute

RAMÓN G

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Assistant Reply:

# Building Our Way to Net-Zero: CO2 Pipelines in the United States  

## Key Messages  

1. **CCS is Crucial for Decarbonization**: Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is a proven technology that enables gigatonne-scale CO₂ abatement and remains necessary for some industrial sectors where direct electrification is not feasible. CCS technology must be scaled across broad economic sectors to meet net-zero goals, requiring significant CO₂ transportation infrastructure via pipelines.  

2. **Major Pipeline Expansion Needed**: The US currently has over 5,000 miles of CO₂ pipelines, but estimates suggest this infrastructure must expand up to 96,000 miles by 2050 to support CCS projects and meet climate goals.  

3. **Robust Safety Record with Improvements**: CO₂ pipelines have a strong safety record with zero fatalities in 50 years, thanks to stringent federal and state regulations. PHMSA is updating pipeline safety standards to include emergency response requirements, addressing incidents like the 2020 Satartia pipeline failure.  

4. **Critical Need for Community Engagement**: Public awareness and meaningful community engagement are essential for CCS project success. Studies show low public familiarity with CCS, and project developers must address Environmental Justice concerns through transparency and inclusive planning to avoid opposition or litigation over property rights and eminent domain use. Federal initiatives like the Justice40 program require disadvantaged communities to prioritize in project plans.  

5. **Federal & State Regulations**: Pipeline safety is regulated by PHMSA (US Department of Transportation) and state agencies with PHMSA certification. State-specific regulations and permitting processes vary, creating complexity. Delays in permitting can significantly delay project deployment.  

6. **Positive Co-Benefits of CCS**: CCS projects can deliver Co-Benefits such as reducing air pollutants (NO₂, SO₂, PM₂.₅), providing economic benefits, and creating jobs. The Gulf Coast Sequestration project is projected to create nearly 1,200 jobs; other projects aim to repurpose existing pipelines or adapt DAC and CCUS hubs.  

## Key Challenges  

- **Permitting Delays**: Complex multi-jurisdictional permitting creates significant project timelines. One-year delays could increase 2030 CO₂ emissions by ~91 Mt.  
- **Community Opposition**: Misinformation or lack of community trust contributes to opposition using historical land rights concerns, property devaluation fears, and NIMBYism against energy infrastructure.  
- **Safety Risks**: Though rare, pipeline leaks and failures underscore the need for continuous integrity management and grant strong regulatory oversight.  

## Recommendations  

- Strengthen EPA/PHMSA’s implementation of Environmental Justice tools and standards for state-level permitting.  
- Accelerate development of community engagement templates and odorization methods for CO₂ pipelines.  
- Enhance transparency, including cumulative climate and leak mapping tools for EJ assessment.  
- Prioritize research into materials science and pipeline transportation methods tailored to dense-phase CO₂.  

## Global Context  

Recent UN agreements (e.g., COP28) reference CCS as a key component to meet global decarbonization goals. Countries worldwide (US, Europe, China, etc.) are exploring CO₂ transportation networks and storage hubs (e.g., Texas and Louisiana). International collaboration under frameworks like the Global CCS Institute is essential for standardization and technology transfer.  

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*Excerpt adapted from "Building Our Way to Net-Zero: Carbon Dioxide Pipelines in the United States," a joint report by the Global CCS Institute and partners.*