20000229-IEA-Energy_Policies_of_IEA_Countries_Hungary_1999_138页_5mb

报告摘要

Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Hungary joined IEA in 1997 and is transitioning to a market economy, focusing on energy security and environmental goals.
Market and Policy: Energy sector liberalized with privatization and unbundling. Prices are cost-covering, though cross-subsidies remain an issue. National commitment to EU accession drives further reforms.
Energy Demand and Efficiency: Energy intensity is higher than IEA Europe due to lower GDP per capita. Improvements include reducing cross-subsidies, enhancing efficiency programs, and meeting EU climate targets.
Climate Change: Hungary is committed to reducing CO₂ emissions under the Kyoto Protocol. International collaboration and national policies are prioritized.
Coal: Declining domestic production; competitive strategy through subsidy reduction and social support.
Natural Gas: High dependency; competition via diversification and regulated market access.
Oil: Competitive downstream market; import dependency, concentration in upstream activities.
Electricity: Transition to competitive market with unbundling and independent system operator; regulation under review.
Nuclear: Good safety record; future expansion contingent on economic viability and policy framework.
Technology and R&D: Focus on renewables, efficiency, and nuclear safety; funded through EU programs.