亚开行-亚洲及太平洋地区的碳捕获、利用和储存游戏规则改变者：2022年技术和推动者简编（英）-2023.7-62页_2mb

Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) in Asia-Pacific 2022: Key Insights

Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) is pivotal for decarbonization in the Asia-Pacific region, supporting low-carbon development, energy security, and compliance with international climate goals while minimizing disruption to existing infrastructure. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) highlights 11 game-changing CCUS technologies and enablers ready for scaled deployment.

Game-Changing Technologies

Carbon Dioxide Capture

• Hot Potassium Carbonate Absorption: Innovatively pressurizes exhaust gas using gas turbines, reducing the need for bulky compressors. Offers high capture rates (90-95%) at lower costs ($30-43/ton CO₂), suitable for power plants, steel mills, and maritime applications.
• Cryogenic Carbon Capture: Uses refrigeration to condense and separate CO₂, achieving high purity (>99.9%) with lower energy consumption (200-300 kWh/ton CO₂) and minimal water usage. Ideal for power generation, cement, and refineries.
• Electro-Swing Adsorption: Electrochemical method that captures CO₂ from low-concentration sources (e.g., air or flue gas) using minimal energy (70% less than direct air capture). Purifies CO₂ without consumables, suitable for point-source and atmospheric capture.
• Partial Capture: Targets a subset of CO₂ for cost savings, applicable where full capture is not feasible. Reduces capital and operating costs by 10-38%, useful in industries with excess heat or variable emissions.

Carbon Dioxide Utilization

• Synthetic Natural Gas Production: Captured CO₂ from waste-to-energy plants is converted to liquid synthetic natural gas (LSNG) using hydrogen from renewable sources, reducing emissions and leveraging existing infrastructure.
• Textile Dyeing: Utilizes supercritical CO₂ for dyeing polyester fabrics, saving water (up to 95% reduction) and eliminating chemical pollution. Suitable for textile industries in Asia, Europe, and the Americas.
• Algae Protein and Oil Production: Cultivates algae to produce protein, oil, and building materials, sequestering CO₂ while addressing food and energy needs. Breakthroughs in productivity (25x soy/palm oil output) show potential for environmental restoration.
• Biogenic Construction Materials: Converts CO₂ and biowaste into durable composites, bioadhesives, and carbon fibers with disaster resistance, lower cost, and circular economy benefits. Targeted for developing countries to address housing and pollution.

Carbon Dioxide Storage

• Mineralization: Accelerates natural CO₂ storage by injecting carbonated water into basalt formations, mineralizing CO₂ permanently within 2 years. Low-risk and scalable for geological and offshore applications.
• NextGen Removal Enabler: A collective purchasing platform aggregates demand for carbon removals, curates projects, and facilitates financial transactions to scale up technologies like direct air capture and mineralization.

Challenges and Enablers

• Challenges: Scaling faces issues with financing, CO₂ off-take (storage/transport), energy costs, and policy support. Early-stage technologies need further innovation and investment.
• Enablers: Collective purchasing vehicles and policy incentives can mitigate risks, making CCUS projects bankable. ADB supports these through technical assistance and collaborations.

CCUS offers transformative potential for decarbonization, with Asia-Pacific countries like Japan, Korea, and those in Southeast Asia poised to lead due to limited fossil fuel resources and growing industries. Ongoing research, pilot projects, and partnerships are crucial for cost reductions and global deployment.