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Summary of Artificial Intelligence and the Labour Market in Japan

Core Content

This OECD report provides an in-depth analysis of the impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on the Japanese labour market, focusing on how AI is being adopted, its effects on job performance and quality, and the challenges and opportunities for policy development in this context.

Main Findings

AI Adoption in Japan

• Low Adoption Rate: Only 8.4% of Japanese workers report using AI in the workplace, the lowest among surveyed OECD countries.
• Sectoral Disparities: AI adoption is more prevalent in the information and communications sector, where over 20% of employees use AI, but significant disparities exist across other industries.
• Company Size: Employees in larger companies are more likely to use AI than those in SMEs, though SMEs in Japan are more likely to see AI as a way to compensate for labor and skill shortages.
• Demographics: AI users in Japan are more likely to be young and middle-aged, male, and more educated. They are also more likely to be regular employees, and those with disabilities or caregiving responsibilities.
• Regional Differences: AI usage is more common in the South Kanto and Kinki regions.
• Barriers to Adoption: A major barrier is the shortage of AI-related talent and employees who can promote AI adoption, which has become more pronounced since 2022.

Benefits of AI on Job Performance and Quality

• Positive Perceptions: Many Japanese workers believe AI improves their performance and working conditions.
• Moderate Impact: The effects of AI on job performance and quality are perceived as more moderate in Japan compared to other countries.
• Wage Expectations: Despite positive perceptions, more Japanese employees expect wage decreases than increases due to AI over the next decade, although this proportion is lower than in other countries.
• GEAI Users: Generative AI (GEAI) users are more likely to report wage increases and a greater impact on job quality.
• Training and Consultation: Workers who receive company training or engage in self-learning are more likely to report positive outcomes from AI. However, the proportion of Japanese AI users receiving company training is lower than in other OECD countries.

Job Quantity and Skills Needs

• Job Creation Expectations: Japanese AI users are more likely to expect job creation than job loss, though concerns about job loss remain.
• Skill Changes: Over 89% of Japanese AI users expect changes in the skills and abilities required for their jobs over the next decade.
• Skill Requirements: There is a growing demand for skills such as problem-solving, adaptability, and ethics and compliance awareness.
• Non-Regular Workers: Non-regular employees and older workers are less likely to benefit from AI in terms of job quality and performance.

Policy and Institutional Challenges

• Training Gaps: Japan lags behind in providing company training for AI use, with only 35.8% of AI users reporting that AI has improved their job performance or working conditions.
• Worker Consultation: Japanese employers are less likely to consult workers or representatives about AI adoption compared to other countries.
• Internal Guidelines: Fewer Japanese companies have established internal rules or guidelines for AI use, and even fewer employees trust their employers to use only safe and trustworthy AI.
• Policy Development: The report highlights the need for stronger policies and institutions to support AI adoption and ensure its safe and beneficial use for workers.

Key Information

• OECD AI Principles: The report is framed within the OECD AI Principles for trustworthy AI.
• Data Sources: The findings are based on a large-scale survey conducted by the Japan Institute for Labour Policy and Training (JILPT) Al Study Group.
• Policy Recommendations: The report suggests the need for:
  • Increasing AI adoption rates.
  • Enhancing the effectiveness of AI in improving job performance and quality.
  • Expanding company training and self-learning opportunities.
  • Encouraging worker consultation and internal guidelines for AI use.
  • Ensuring AI is safe, reliable, and transparent.
  • Supporting non-regular and older workers to avoid leaving them behind.

Conclusion

While AI is seen as a positive force in Japan, its impact on the labour market is currently limited due to low adoption rates, moderate perceived benefits, and insufficient training and consultation mechanisms. The report emphasizes the importance of policy interventions to address these gaps and ensure that AI contributes to economic growth, productivity, and improved working conditions for all workers.