20110228-IEA-Energy_Policies_of_IEA_Countries_New_Zealand_2010_Review_146页_2mb

报告摘要

New Zealand 2010 Review of Energy Policies of IEA Countries

Core Content

The 2010 Review of New Zealand's Energy Policies by the International Energy Agency (IEA) outlines the country's energy strategy, policy challenges, and recommendations for further improvement. New Zealand is recognized for its liberalized energy markets, which have contributed to high energy security and economic prosperity. The country is also a leader in renewable energy, with over 70% of its electricity generated from renewables, primarily hydro, geothermal, and wind.

The government has set ambitious greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction targets, aiming for a 10–20% reduction below 1990 levels by 2020 and a 50% reduction by 2050. To achieve these goals, New Zealand has implemented the Emissions Trading Scheme (NZ ETS), which began in 2008 and is expected to cover all sectors and gases by 2015.

Despite progress, energy efficiency improvements have not met expectations, and the transport sector remains a significant challenge. The government has introduced the Warm Up New Zealand programme to improve residential energy efficiency, and the review recommends focusing on this and other sectors like commercial buildings and industry.

New Zealand's electricity infrastructure, particularly the national grid, is under strain due to increasing demand and reliance on hydro. The government is investing in grid upgrades and promoting a more resilient and diverse energy supply. The review emphasizes the need for continued investment in the transmission grid and the development of a smart grid to support future low-carbon energy systems.

The IEA recommends that New Zealand finalize and implement its energy strategy and efficiency strategy, aligning them with economic, environmental, and consumer priorities. It also calls for enhanced action plans in key sectors and ongoing support for energy technology research and development.

Main Views

Energy Security and Market Liberalization: New Zealand's liberalized energy markets have enhanced energy security and economic growth.
Renewable Energy Leadership: The country has a diverse and balanced renewable energy portfolio, with a goal to increase renewable electricity generation to 90% by 2025.
Climate Change Commitment: New Zealand has set ambitious GHG reduction targets and introduced the NZ ETS as a key policy instrument.
Energy Efficiency Gaps: While policies are in place, energy efficiency progress has not been as strong as anticipated, especially in the transport sector.
Infrastructure Challenges: The national grid is aging and under pressure, requiring significant investment and modernization to support future energy demands and renewable integration.
Policy Continuity and Improvement: The government has continued to build on previous IEA recommendations, but further action is needed to meet long-term energy goals.

Key Information

Energy Mix: Over 70% of electricity is generated from renewable sources, with hydro (55%), geothermal (15%), and wind (10%) being the main contributors.
Energy Targets:
- 10–20% reduction in GHG emissions below 1990 levels by 2020.
- 50% reduction in net GHG emissions by 2050.
NZ ETS: Launched in 2008, it will cover all sectors and gases by 2015, with a five-year review cycle.
Energy Efficiency:
- Policies include minimum performance standards and labeling requirements.
- The Warm Up New Zealand programme aims to retrofit 180,000 homes by 2012/13.
Electricity Demand: Expected to grow by 1% per year until 2020, driven by transport and electricity use.
Grid Investment: Necessary to support renewable energy growth and ensure reliability, especially with increasing variability in supply.
IEA Recommendations:
- Finalize and implement the New Zealand Energy Strategy.
- Develop detailed action plans for energy efficiency in key sectors.
- Continue investment in electricity transmission infrastructure.
- Promote a competitive electricity market and low-carbon economy.

Summary of Key Recommendations

Finalize and implement the New Zealand Energy Strategy to guide long-term policy direction.
Finalize and implement the New Zealand Energy Efficiency and Conservation Strategy, with a focus on transport, commercial buildings, and industry.
Continue investment in the electricity transmission grid to support renewable energy growth and ensure reliability.
Remove administrative barriers to foster a competitive electricity market.
Develop a detailed roadmap to achieve the 90% renewable electricity target by 2025.
Strengthen the governance and implementation of energy efficiency policies to meet targets.
Support carbon capture and storage (CCS) research and development as part of a low-carbon energy strategy.

Document Structure

Part I: Policy Analysis

Chapter 2: General Energy Policy
- Country overview and governance structure.
- Economic context and policy drivers.
- Energy supply and demand trends.
Chapter 3: Climate Change
- Overview of GHG emissions and policies.
- International measures and critiques.
- Key recommendations for climate action.
Chapter 4: Energy Efficiency
- Overview of current policies and performance.
- Critique of existing strategies.
- Key recommendations for improvement.

Part II: Sector Analysis

Chapter 5: Renewable Energy
- Overview and policy support.
- Critique of current development and implementation.
- Key recommendations for growth and integration.
Chapter 6: Coal
- Overview of coal supply and use.
- Critique of industry structure and regulation.
- Key recommendations for sustainable use.
Chapter 7: Natural Gas
- Overview of supply and demand.
- Infrastructure and regulation.
- Critique and recommendations for security and growth.
Chapter 8: Oil
- Overview of oil supply and demand.
- Regulation and emergency response.
- Critique and recommendations for exploration and security.
Chapter 9: Electricity
- Overview of supply, demand, and market structure.
- Critique of grid reliability and market governance.
- Key recommendations for investment and smart grid development.

Part III: Energy Technology

Chapter 10: Energy Technology Research and Development
- Overview of R&D investment and trends.
- Critique of current levels and focus.
- Key recommendations for increased investment and innovation.

Part IV: Annexes

Annex A: Organisation of the review and visited organizations.
Annex B: Energy balances and statistical data.
Annex C: IEA "Shared Goals".
Annex D: Glossary and abbreviations.

Figures, Maps, and Tables

Figures:
- Figure 1: Total primary energy supply, 1973 to 2030.
- Figure 2: Breakdown of total primary energy supply in IEA member countries, 2008.
- Figure 3: Total final consumption of energy by source, 1973 to 2030.
- Figure 4: Structure of the draft New Zealand Energy Strategy.
- Figure 5: Energy-related CO₂ emissions per GDP.
- Figure 6: CO₂ emissions by fuel.
- Figure 7: CO₂ emissions by sector.
- Figure 8: Energy intensity in New Zealand and other IEA member countries.
- Figure 9: Total final consumption by sector.
- Figure 10: Renewable energy as a percentage of TPES.
- Figure 11: Renewable electricity generation by source.
- Figure 12: Renewable electricity generation as a percentage of all generation.
- Figure 13: Coal supply by sector.
- Figure 14: Natural gas supply by sector.
- Figure 15: Gross gas production per field.
- Figure 16: Oil supply by sector.
- Figure 17: Electricity generation by source.
- Figure 18: Electricity consumption by sector.
- Figure 19: Electricity prices in New Zealand and other IEA member countries.
- Figure 20: Government RD&D budgets in IEA member countries.
- Figure 21: Public-sector low-carbon RD&D spending per capita.
Maps:
- Map 1: New Zealand.
- Map 2: Location of coalfields and resources.
- Map 3: Natural gas transmission system.
- Map 4: Oil and natural gas fields.
- Map 5: Electricity transmission system.
Tables:
- Table 1: Energy efficiency sector objectives and targets.
- Table 2: Wind farms operating in New Zealand.
- Table 3: Coal royalty rates.
- Table 4: Market share of major generators.
- Table 5: Government funding for energy-related R&D.
Boxes:
- Box 1: The KEMA electric energy efficiency potentials study.
- Box 2: IEA G8 energy efficiency recommendations.
- Box 3: Smart metering in New Zealand.