2004年-世界发展银行全球_Pakistan_-_Public_Expenditure_Management___Accelerated_Development_of_Water_Resources_and_Irrigated_Agriculture_134页_11mb

Pakistan Public Expenditure Management: Accelerated Development of Water Resources and Irrigated Agriculture

Core Content

This document outlines the challenges and opportunities in Pakistan's water resource and agricultural development, focusing on the role of public expenditure management in addressing these issues. It highlights the importance of water for economic growth, particularly in the agriculture sector, and the need for strategic investments and reforms to ensure sustainability.

Key Issues and Trends

• Agriculture's Role: Agriculture is a major contributor to Pakistan's GDP (25%), employs 50% of rural labor, and accounts for 60-70% of exports. Within the sector, crop production contributes 59% of value added, and livestock contributes 38%.
• Water Usage: Agriculture uses about 95% of available water resources, with irrigated land responsible for 80% of agricultural production. Total irrigated area is about 46 Mac, or 82% of the irrigable area, with 97% located in the Indus Basin.
• Water Resources: Surface water availability to the Indus Basin irrigation system has remained relatively constant since the late 1970s, but groundwater use has grown significantly, from 8% in 1960 to over 40% in the late 1980s.
• Water Supply Expansion: The total storage and diversion of the Indus River flow have remained at about 103-104 MAF. Additional storage is needed to improve supply reliability, but it comes with increased management challenges and environmental risks.
• Environmental Flow Requirements (EFR): EFRs are crucial for maintaining ecological balance and are currently met only during the kharif season. Increasing storage beyond 20 MAF reduces the probability of meeting EFRs, indicating the need for better water management strategies.
• Future Water Needs: Projected water requirements range from 40 to 70 MAF, including environmental flow, salt disposal, urban demand, and irrigation expansion. These demands cannot all be met, requiring trade-offs and policy changes.
• Demand Management: The government has focused more on supply-side solutions than demand-side efficiency and governance. However, effective demand management, including water pricing, O&M improvements, and infrastructure rehabilitation, is essential for long-term sustainability.
• Waterlogging and Salinity: These are the ultimate threats to agricultural sustainability. They are caused by over-irrigation, poor drainage, and the use of groundwater. Research shows that these issues have offset the benefits of technological and public investments.
• Groundwater Management: Groundwater use is near its practical limit, and further expansion is unlikely. Salinity in aquifers poses a serious threat to water quality and soil health. The government needs to monitor and manage groundwater more effectively, especially in the context of a public-private partnership.
• Water Conservation: Water conservation is not an alternative but a necessity. Potential savings from current supply are estimated at 4.7 MAF, mainly through on-farm water management (OFWM) initiatives such as canal lining and land leveling.
• Investment Priorities: Investments in modernization, rehabilitation, and efficient water use are required. However, the lack of a comprehensive and integrated approach has limited the effectiveness of these initiatives.

Main Views

• Sustainability Concerns: The current state of the irrigation system is deteriorating, with waterlogging and salinity threatening agricultural productivity and environmental health.
• Need for Integrated Water Management: A shift from traditional water supply-focused approaches to integrated water resource management (IWRM) is necessary for long-term viability.
• Role of Public Policy: The government must play a more active role in regulating water use, especially through pricing reforms and improved governance.
• Fiscal Constraints: Despite the need for increased investment, fiscal space is limited, requiring careful prioritization and efficient use of resources.
• Private Sector Involvement: Groundwater development is largely private, necessitating better regulation and monitoring to ensure sustainability.
• Strategic Investment: The proposed Medium Term Investment Plan (MTIP) and other initiatives aim to address these challenges through targeted investments in infrastructure, drainage, and water management.

Key Information

• Currency Equivalents: 1 US$ = 57.8 PKR.
• Fiscal Year: July 1 – June 30.
• Water Units:
  • 2.54 acres = 1 hectare
  • 1 MAF = 1.235 billion cubic meters
  • 1 MAF/month = 16,850 cfs = 477.2 m³/sec
  • 1 acre foot/day = 0.5 cfs = 14.3 liters/second
• Key Acronyms:
  • MOWP: Ministry of Water and Power
  • WAPDA: Water and Power Development Authority
  • IRSA: Indus River System Authority
  • MTEF: Medium Term Expenditure Framework
  • MTIP: Medium Term Investment Plan
  • OFWM: On-farm water management
  • SCARP: Salinity control and reclamation program
  • NDP: National Drainage Program
  • NDS: National Drainage System
  • EFR: Environmental Flow Requirement
  • RAP: Revised Action Plan
  • WSS: Water Sector Strategy Study
  • TYPP: Ten Year Perspective Plan
  • PSDEP: Public Sector Development Program

Strategic Recommendations

• Enhance Water Supply Reliability: Develop additional storage to improve the reliability of water supply, especially for EFRs.
• Improve Water Management: Implement integrated water resource management (IWRM) to address both supply and demand-side challenges.
• Reform Water Pricing: Adjust water and power prices to reflect true costs and encourage efficient use.
• Modernize Irrigation Infrastructure: Focus on rehabilitating and modernizing irrigation systems, including lining canals and improving drainage.
• Promote Water Conservation: Implement water conservation measures to increase the productivity and value of water, such as OFWM programs.
• Strengthen Governance: Enhance governance and management practices to ensure effective and equitable water distribution.
• Monitor Groundwater: Establish a robust groundwater monitoring and management system to prevent salinity and degradation.
• Coordinate Investment: Ensure coordination between federal and provincial investments, particularly in the context of the MTEF period.

Conclusion

The document emphasizes the need for a comprehensive and integrated approach to water resource management in Pakistan. It outlines the challenges in maintaining agricultural productivity and environmental sustainability, and highlights the importance of public expenditure management in addressing these issues. The key recommendations include improving water supply reliability, modernizing irrigation infrastructure, promoting water conservation, and strengthening governance and policy frameworks.