2014年-世界发展银行全球_Increasing_Domestic_Procurement_by_the_Mining_Sector_in_Central_Asia_152页_2mb

Summary of Report No: ACS8834 – Increasing Domestic Procurement by the Mining Sector in Central Asia

Core Content

This report, prepared by the World Bank and conducted by the Community Insights Group between May and July 2013, analyzes the role of domestic procurement in the mining sectors of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. It aims to identify opportunities and challenges for increasing local economic benefits through mining supply chains and to provide recommendations for the World Bank on supporting these efforts.

Main Viewpoints

The report outlines three key types of linkages that can be created through the mining sector to benefit the national economy:

1. Fiscal linkages – Revenue from the mining sector can be used to fund public infrastructure and development.
2. Consumption linkages – Local workers and businesses spend their incomes in the national economy.
3. Production linkages – Both backward (input supply) and forward (processing and export) linkages contribute to industrial development.

The focus of the study is on production linkages, particularly domestic procurement by the mining industry, as a means to promote local industrialization and economic diversification.

Key Information

Global Trends in Domestic Procurement

• Definitions and Scope: Domestic procurement is often defined by legal registration, ownership, value added, or joint ventures. However, there is no consensus on what constitutes a 'domestic' supplier.
• Policy Objectives: Policies aim to increase local access to economic opportunities, promote industrial capacity, and enhance employment. However, poorly defined policies can lead to unintended consequences such as corruption, unethical behavior, and market inefficiencies.
• Challenges: Lack of clarity in definitions, limited institutional capacity of governments to monitor and enforce domestic procurement, and the presence of strong international supply chains that bypass local economies.

Domestic Procurement Initiatives

• Minimum Domestic Procurement Targets: Some countries, like Kazakhstan, have set specific targets (e.g., 50% local procurement by 2012), while others, like Angola, have introduced explicit local content requirements.
• Procurement Plans: Companies are often required to develop and submit procurement plans that outline their local sourcing strategies.
• Preference Schemes: Policies that favor local businesses without setting specific targets are also common, aiming to encourage local participation in the supply chain.
• Building Local Enterprise: Governments encourage the development of local firms through various means, including support for SMEs and industrial growth.
• Voluntary Initiatives: Some governments have launched initiatives that are not legally binding but encourage voluntary participation from the mining industry.

Case Studies

• Kazakhstan: The mining sector is a major contributor to the national economy. The Subsoil Law sets clear domestic procurement targets, and companies are required to source from local suppliers. However, there are challenges in implementation and measurement.
• Kyrgyzstan: The mining sector plays a crucial role in the economy, but domestic procurement is less formalized. There is a need for better legal frameworks and support for SMEs.
• Tajikistan: Similar to Kyrgyzstan, the sector is underdeveloped, with limited local supplier capacity. There is a strong emphasis on the need for infrastructure development and policy support.

Barriers and Opportunities

• Barriers:
  • Limited local supplier capacity.
  • Poor infrastructure leading to high transportation costs.
  • Uncertainty in revenue and commodity prices.
  • Institutional weaknesses in monitoring and enforcement.
  • Potential for corruption and unethical practices.
• Opportunities:
  • Development of industrial clusters and partnerships.
  • Encouraging SME growth through targeted support.
  • Enhancing the business environment to attract local investment.
  • Diversifying the economy through mining supply chains.

Recommendations

The report proposes the following recommendations for the World Bank:

1. Technical Assistance on Enhancing Industrialisation through Upstream Mining Linkages
2. Scope Mining Sector Linkage Initiatives for Domestic Supplier Development
3. Technical Assistance in Technical and Vocational Education
4. Support Green Technologies in the Kazakh Mining Sector for Commercialisation by Local SMEs
5. Technical Assistance on Allowable Supplier Development Instruments in a WTO Environment
6. Local Content Advisory for Specific Mining Investment Transactions
7. Establish Credit Guarantee Schemes for Supply Sectors
8. Increase Visibility of Domestic Procurement in the EITI Framework in All Three Countries
9. Expand Business Enabling Environment Interventions to Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan

These recommendations aim to improve the effectiveness of domestic procurement policies, enhance transparency, and support the development of local businesses and SMEs in the mining supply chain.

Conclusion

The report highlights the potential of domestic procurement to drive industrialization and economic diversification in Central Asia. However, it also identifies significant challenges, including the lack of clear policy definitions, weak institutional frameworks, and the dominance of global value chains. The proposed interventions seek to address these issues through targeted support, capacity building, and policy alignment with international trade obligations.